scholarly journals Spatial patterns of leprosy in a hyperendemic state in Northern Brazil, 2001-2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Dias Monteiro ◽  
Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo ◽  
Aline Lima Brito ◽  
Carlos Henrique Alencar ◽  
Jorg Heukelbach
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Late Diagnosis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Case Detection Rate ◽  
Brazilian State

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the spatial patterns of leprosy in the Brazilian state of Tocantins. METHODS This study was based on morbidity data obtained from the Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN – Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System), of the Ministry of Health. All new leprosy cases in individuals residing in the state of Tocantins, between 2001 and 2012, were included. In addition to the description of general disease indicators, a descriptive spatial analysis, empirical Bayesian analysis and spatial dependence analysis were performed by means of global and local Moran’s indexes. RESULTS A total of 14,542 new cases were recorded during the period under study. Based on the annual case detection rate, 77.0% of the municipalities were classified as hyperendemic (> 40 cases/100,000 inhabitants). Regarding the annual case detection rate in < 15 years-olds, 65.4% of the municipalities were hyperendemic (10.0 to 19.9 cases/100,000 inhabitants); 26.6% had a detection rate of grade 2 disability cases between 5.0 and 9.9 cases/100,000 inhabitants. There was a geographical overlap of clusters of municipalities with high detection rates in hyperendemic areas. Clusters with high disease risk (global Moran’s index: 0.51; p < 0.001), ongoing transmission (0.47; p < 0.001) and late diagnosis (0.44; p < 0.001) were identified mainly in the central-north and southwestern regions of Tocantins. CONCLUSIONS We identified high-risk clusters for transmission and late diagnosis of leprosy in the Brazilian state of Tocantins. Surveillance and control measures should be prioritized in these high-risk municipalities.

scholarly journals Three decades History of Tuberculosis Control in Kerbala/Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Al Mousawi
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Failure Rates ◽  
Tuberculosis Control ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Case Detection Rate ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients

Objective: To assess tuberculosis control between 1988 and 2017 and evaluate the outcomes of treatment among the October patients put on DOTS in Karbala governorate since the initiation of DOTS strategy in 2000. Material and methods: Data on tuberculosis incidence between 1988 and 2017 were assessed. In addition, all quarterly reports were collected in addition to the annual reports to estimate the outcome indices of DOTS in the governorate. Evaluation indices included the incidence and death rates; case detection rate for smear positive and total tuberculosis patients; cure rate; treatment success rate; default rates; treatment failure rates; drug resistance rates; contact tracing during the study period between 2005 and 2014. These indices were compared to the available national indices in the whole country. The indices of treatment success and failure rates were compared to the available previous reported rates in the governorate and in Iraq. Analysis used SPSS-20 and Excel data sheet. Discussion with experts working for decades in TB control programs revealed some defect in determining these indices. Results: Between 1988 and 2017 there was a total of 8665 TB patients, while between 2005 and 2017 the total was 4055: 2592 pulmonary TB patients (62%) and 1541 extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients (38%). Gender distribution showed male predilection (60.3%) and a mean age of patients was 41.88±19.74 year and one half of the patients were above 44 year of age, but the most frequent age group was 25-34 year. Positive smear Case Detection rates were below the WHO planned goals ranging from 11.5% and 29.1%. The total reported deaths during the study period were 78 deaths. Defaulters were 97 patients at a rate of 2.39, while treatment failure cases amounted to 33 patients (a rate of 0.81%). Drug sensitivity test was introduced to country in 2010 and was done only in Baghdad till the introduction of Genexpert MTB/RIF test in January 2014 and a total of 72 patients were MDR cases. Case detection rate among contacts was 0.31%. Conclusions: The success in DOTS in Karbala is similar to the results in the whole country and in most developing countries and approaching the WHO set goals, while the case detection rates were behind. However, some defect areas need further support to prevent failure and aid continuous tuberculosis control and stop TB.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Spatiotemporal Patterns of Leprosy Detection in the State of Bahia, Brazilian Northeast Region, 2001–2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana Amorim de Souza ◽  
Anderson Fuentes Ferreira ◽  
Jorg Heukelbach ◽  
Reagan Nzundu Boigny ◽  
Carlos Alencar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The State ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Late Diagnosis ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
The North

The detection of leprosy cases is distributed unequally in Brazil, with high-risk clusters mainly in the North and Northeast regions. Knowledge on epidemiology and spatiotemporal patterns of leprosy occurrence and late diagnosis in these areas is critical to improve control measures. We performed a study including all leprosy cases notified in the 417 municipalities of Bahia state, from 2001 to 2014. New case detection (overall and pediatric <15 years) and grade 2 disability (G2D) rates were calculated and stratified according to socio-demographic variables. Spatial analyses were performed to detect high-risk areas for occurrence and late diagnosis. A total of 40,060 new leprosy cases was reported in the period (mean = 2861 cases/year), 3296 (8.2%) in <15-year-olds, and 1921 (4.8%) with G2D. The new case detection rate was 20.41 cases/100,000 inhabitants (95% CI: 19.68–21.17). A higher risk was identified in older age groups (RR = 8.45, 95% CI: 7.08–10.09) and in residents living in the state capital (RR = 5.30, 95% CI: 4.13–6.79), in medium-sized cities (RR = 2.80; 95% CI: 2.50–3.13), and in the west (RR = 6.56, 95% CI: 5.13–8.39) and far south regions of the state (RR = 6.56, 95% CI: 5.13–8.39). A higher risk of G2D was associated with male gender (RR = 2.43, 95% CI: 2.20–2.67), older age (RR = 44.08, 95% CI: 33.21–58.51), Afro-Brazilian ethnicity (RR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.37–1.85), living in medium-sized cities (RR = 2.60; 95% CI: 2.27–2.96) and residency in the north (RR = 5.02; 95% CI: 3.74–6.73) and far south (RR = 7.46; 95% CI: 5.58–9.98) regions. Heterogeneous space–time patterns of leprosy distribution were identified, indicating high endemicity, recent transmission, and late diagnosis. This heterogeneous distribution of the disease was observed throughout the study period. Leprosy remains a relevant public health problem in Bahia state. The disease has a focal distribution. We reinforce the importance of integrating surveillance, prevention and control actions in regions of higher risk of leprosy detection and late diagnosis, and in the most vulnerable populations.

An approach to estimating tuberculosis incidence and case detection rate from routine notification data

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Avilov ◽  
A. A. Romanyukha ◽  
S. E. Borisov ◽  
E. M. Belilovsky ◽  
O. B. Nechaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Case Detection Rate ◽  
Tuberculosis Incidence ◽  
Notification Data

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Childhood Tuberculosis Program in Chegutu District, Zimbabwe, 2020: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Memory Chimsimbe ◽  
Pride Mucheto ◽  
Tsitsi Patience Juru ◽  
Addmore Chadambuka ◽  
Emmanuel Govha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Childhood Tuberculosis ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Case Detection Rate ◽  
Childhood Tb

Abstract Background Childhood tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health concern contributing to significant child morbidity and mortality. A records review of the TB notification for Chegutu District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2) showed a low childhood TB case detection rate. For 2018 and 2019, childhood TB notifications were 4% and 7% respectively against the national 12% case detection rate. We evaluated the performance of the childhood TB program in Chegutu. Methods We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study. Sixty-six health workers (HW) participated in the study. Interviewer-administered questionnaires and checklists were used to collect data on reasons for low TB case detection, HW childhood TB knowledge, program inputs, processes and outputs. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats analysis was used to assess the childhood TB processes. We analyzed the data using Epi Info 7TM to generate frequencies, proportions and means. A Likert scale was used to assess health worker knowledge. Results The majority 51/66(77%) of HW were nurses and 51/66(67%) of respondents were females. Reasons for the low childhood TB case detection were lack of HW confidence in collecting gastric aspirates 55/66(83%) and HW’s negative attitudes towards gastric aspirate collection 23/66(35%). HW 24/66 (37%) had a fair childhood TB notification knowledge. The district had only one functional X-ray machine for 34 health facilities. Only 6/18 motorcycles were functional with inadequate fuel supply. No desk guide for the management of TB in children for HW (2018) was available in 34 health facilities. Ethambutol 400mg was out of stock and adult 800mg tablets were used. Funds allocated for motor vehicle and motorcycles service ($1612USD/year) were inadequate. The district failed to perform planned quarterly TB review meetings, contact tracing and childhood TB training due to funding and COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. Conclusion The childhood TB program failed to meet its targets due to inadequate inputs and suboptimal HW childhood TB knowledge. Case detection and notification can be improved through on-job training, mentorship, support and supervision and adequate resources.

scholarly journals Forecasting the new case detection rate of leprosy in four states of Brazil: A comparison of modelling approaches

Epidemics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Blok ◽  
Ronald E. Crump ◽  
Ram Sundaresh ◽  
Martial Ndeffo-Mbah ◽  
Alison P. Galvani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Case Detection Rate ◽  
Modelling Approaches

scholarly journals Spatial distribution and temporal trends of leprosy in Uganda, 2012–2016: a retrospective analysis of public health surveillance data

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Freda Loy Aceng ◽  
Herman-Joseph Kawuma ◽  
Robert Majwala ◽  
Maureen Lamunu ◽  
Alex Riolexus Ario ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Leprosy Case

Abstract Background Leprosy is a neglected disease that poses a significant challenge to public health in Uganda. The disease is endemic in Uganda, with 40% of the districts in the country affected in 2016, when 42 out of 112 districts notified the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program (NTLP) of at least one case of leprosy. We determined the spatial and temporal trends of leprosy in Uganda during 2012–2016 to inform control measures. Methods We analyzed quarterly leprosy case-finding data, reported from districts to the Uganda National Leprosy Surveillance system (managed by NTLP) during 2012–2016. We calculated new case detection by reporting district and administrative regions of treatment during this period. New case detection was defined as new leprosy cases diagnosed by the Uganda health services divided by regional population; population estimates were based on 2014 census data. We used logistic regression analysis in Epi-Info version 7.2.0 to determine temporal trends. Population estimates were based on 2014 census data. We used QGIS software to draw choropleth maps showing leprosy case detection rates, assumed to approximate the new case detection rates, per 100,000 population. Results During 2012–2016, there was 7% annual decrease in reported leprosy cases in Uganda each year (p = 0.0001), largely driven by declines in the eastern (14%/year, p = 0.0008) and central (11%/year, p = 0.03) regions. Declines in reported cases in the western (9%/year, p = 0.12) and northern (4%/year, p = 0.16) regions were not significant. The combined new case detection rates from 2012 to 2016 for the ten most-affected districts showed that 70% were from the northern region, 20% from the eastern, 10% from the western and 10% from the central regions. Conclusion There was a decreasing trend in leprosy new case detection in Uganda during 2012–2016; however, the declining trends were not consistent in all regions. The Northern region consistently identified more leprosy cases compared to the other regions. We recommend evaluation of the leprosy surveillance system to ascertain the leprosy situation.

scholarly journals The impact of seasonal climate on new case detection rate of leprosy in Brazil (2008–2012)

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-542
Author(s):  
Aline Cristina Araújo Alcântara Rocha ◽  
Washington Leite Junger ◽  
Wesley Jonatar Alves Da Cruz ◽  
Eliane Ignotti
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Case Detection Rate ◽  
Seasonal Climate ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Weak Intra-facility Referral Linkages: Missed Opportunity for Tuberculosis Case Detection and Treatment in a Tertiary Health Facility in Benue State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-449
Author(s):  
O Audu ◽  
OS Ogiri ◽  
S-A Igbabul ◽  
OO Ijachi ◽  
PO Enokela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Tuberculosis Case ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Case Detection Rate

Despite the scale up of quality-assured Tuberculosis diagnostic and treatment strategies over the years, case detection rate remains a serious challenge globally and particularly in Nigeria. Integrated service delivery is essential to addressing some of the challenges, but it's often neglected especially in low income settings. Recognizing these limitations, a 27-months retrospective review of all presumptive Pulmonary Tuberculosis cases sent to the directly observed short course treatment centre of Benue State University Teaching Hospital, a tertiary health institution in north central Nigeria was conducted to assess the source of referrals and diagnostic processes including outcome of the tests. Chi- square (χ2) test was used for test of association between the intra-facility linkages/referrals system and the tuberculosis case detection rate, with statistical significance set at p-value of ≤5%. There were 918 presumptive Tuberculosis cases with male to female ratio (M: F) of 1:1.3. The mean age of patients was 41.0.0 ±18.4 years. Majority (33.7%, n=) of the referrals were from general outpatient department of the hospital, followed by sexually transmitted infection clinic (26.0%) and Paediatrics department (1.6%, n=). The diagnostic positive rate was 145(15.8%). Overall, 295(32.2%) did not collect their results, of these 76(25.8%) were positive and 219(74.2%) were negative. The relationship between the missed cases and the weak intra-facility referral linkages was statistically significant (p=0.000). The hospital management should consider the engagement of all relevant health care providers on efficient two-way referral system towards ensuring adequate Tuberculosis case notification and prompt treatment.

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