The epidemiology and therapeutic options for the COVID-19

Abstract An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by a novel pneumonia virus, has affected over 200 countries and regions worldwide. With the increasing number of patients and deaths, WHO have declared it as a global pandemic currently, indicating a third large-scale epidemic coronavirus has appeared since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and Middle-East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in the twenty-first century. Considering the great harm it has caused, researchers throughout the world have been chasing to exploit the pathophysiology, characteristics, and potential remedies for COVID-19 to better battle the outbreak. Therefore, the current study revisits advances of the virology, epidemiology, clinical features, therapeutic options, and prevention of COVID-19. The features of asymptomatic carriers are also been explored.

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Emergence of a Novel Coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: Biology and Therapeutic Options

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.00187-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Suliman Khan ◽

Rabeea Siddique ◽

Muhammad Adnan Shereen ◽

Ashaq Ali ◽

Jianbo Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Genome Sequencing ◽

Therapeutic Strategies ◽

Therapeutic Options ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

The Third ◽

Current Outbreak ◽

Novel Coronavirus

ABSTRACT The new decade of the 21st century (2020) started with the emergence of a novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 that caused an epidemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. It is the third highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in humans. The source of origin, transmission to humans, and mechanisms associated with the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 are not yet clear, however, its resemblance to SARS-CoV and several other bat coronaviruses was recently confirmed through genome sequencing-related studies. The development of therapeutic strategies is necessary in order to prevent further epidemics and cure infections. In this review, we summarize current information about the emergence, origin, diversity, and epidemiology of three pathogenic coronaviruses with a specific focus on the current outbreak in Wuhan, China. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical features and potential therapeutic options that may be effective against SARS-CoV-2.

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Histopathologic Findings of Coronavirus in Lung: A Mini-Review

Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1177/2632010x20951823 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 2632010X2095182

Author(s):

Bita Geramizadeh ◽

Mahsa Marzban

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Lung Tissue ◽

Imaging Features ◽

Lung Involvement ◽

Animal Pathogens ◽

The World ◽

Pathologic Findings ◽

Histopathologic Findings

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are important human and animal pathogens. There have been several outbreaks of lung involvement by this category of viruses in the world, ie, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) in 2002 and 2003, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) in 2012, and the new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak of pneumonia from Wuhan, China, since December 2019. There have been several studies about the clinical features and imaging features, but very few reports have been published about pathologic findings in lung tissue, which was partly because of the lack of tissue diagnosis secondary to suddenness of the outbreak. Overall, less than 30 reports have been published in the literature about histologic findings of lung in these viruses, so far. In this report, we will review the published reports about the histopathologic findings of lung tissue in the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with 2 other coronaviruses that have caused outbreaks, ie, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV.

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COVID -19 infection: Epidemiology, Virology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Pharmacological Treatment

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612827999210111185608 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

Author(s):

Avneet Kaur ◽

Vijay Bhalla ◽

Mohammed Salahuddin ◽

Syed Obaidur Rahman ◽

Faheem Hyder Pottoo

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Pharmacological Treatment ◽

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Present Review ◽

The Novel ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Potential Therapeutics

Abstract:: Coronavirus was first discovered during the year 1930 and since then vrious coronaviruses like HKU1, MERS-CoV , NL63 and SARS-CoV-2 had been found to infect humans. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is spreading at an alarming rate thereby created health emergency around the world. SARS-CoV2 is reportedly to be originated from wet animal market of Wuhan, China. Since then the world is searching for effective way to manage and treat the COVID-19 infection. The infections has already multiplied with several folds compared to the number of person infected by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. In order to fill the gap of knowledge about this virus, several evidences are required to control it so more lives could be saved. The present review is based on the publicly available literature in order to explore the knowledge regarding epidemiology, virology, diagnosis, clinical features, pharmacological and therapeutic ways to treat the novel coronavirus. This can be helpful in offering novel insights and potential therapeutics in fighting this disease.

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The relevance of dietetic approach of Ayurveda from the perspective of COVID-19 pandemic

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3077 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 748-752

Author(s):

Swapnali Khabade ◽

Bharat Rathi ◽

Renu Rathi

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Healthy Person ◽

World Health ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Leading Role ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

The People ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Individual

A novel, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes severe acute respiratory syndrome and spread globally from Wuhan, China. In March 2020 the World Health Organization declared the SARS-Cov-2 virus as a COVID- 19, a global pandemic. This pandemic happened to be followed by some restrictions, and specially lockdown playing the leading role for the people to get disassociated with their personal and social schedules. And now the food is the most necessary thing to take care of. It seems the new challenge for the individual is self-isolation to maintain themselves on the health basis and fight against the pandemic situation by boosting their immunity. Food organised by proper diet may maintain the physical and mental health of the individual. Ayurveda aims to promote and preserve the health, strength and the longevity of the healthy person and to cure the disease by properly channelling with and without Ahara. In Ayurveda, diet (Ahara) is considered as one of the critical pillars of life, and Langhana plays an important role too. This article will review the relevance of dietetic approach described in Ayurveda with and without food (Asthavidhi visheshaytana & Lanhgan) during COVID-19 like a pandemic.

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Plasma therapy a possible hope to fight against COVID-19

10.35543/osf.io/yhq7v ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ravikant Piyush ◽

Aroni Chatterjee ◽

Shashikant Ray

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Plasma Therapy ◽

Therapeutic Drugs ◽

Wild Fire ◽

The World ◽

Short Span ◽

Game Changer

The world is currently going through a disastrous event and a catastrophic upheaval caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The pandemic has resulted in loss of more than 150000 deaths across the globe. Originating from China and spreading across all continents within a short span of time, it has become a matter of international emergency. Different agencies are adopting diverse approaches to stop and spread of this viral disease but still now nothing confirmatory has come up. Due to lack of vaccines and proper therapeutic drugs, the disease is still spreading like wild fire without control. An Old but very promising method- the convalescent plasma therapy could be the key therapy to stop this pandemic. This method has already proven its mettle on several occasions previously and has been found to be effective in curing the pandemics induced by Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the same group of β-Coronavirus that has resulted in the above diseases. Therefore, the role of plasma therapy is being explored for treatment of this disease. In this review, we have mainly focused on the role of convalescent plasma therapy and why its use should be promoted in fight against COVID-19, as it could turn out to be a game changer.

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Recent update on COVID-19 in India: Is locking down the country enough?

10.1101/2020.04.06.20053124 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jitender Singh Virk ◽

Syed Azmal Ali ◽

Gurjeet Kaur

Keyword(s):

Growth Factor ◽

Large Scale ◽

Inflection Point ◽

Indian Population ◽

Lasso Regression ◽

Logistic Curve ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Care Facilities ◽

The World ◽

The Usa

AbstractBackgroundIndia is the second-largest population in the world, and it is not well equipped, hitherto, in the scenario of the global pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 could impart a devastating impact on the Indian population. Only way to respond against this critical condition is by practicing large-scale social distancing. India lock down for 21 days, however, till 7 April 2020, SARS- CoV-2 positive cases were growing exponentially, which raises the concerns if the number of reported and actual cases are similar.MethodsWe use Lasso Regression with α = 0.12 and Polynomial features of degree 2 to predict the growth factor. Also, we predicted Logistic curve using the Prophet Python. Further, using the growth rate to logistic, and carrying capacity is 20000 allowed us to calculate the maximum cases and new cases per day.ResultsWe found the predicted growth factor with a standard deviation of 0.3443 for the upcoming days. When the growth factor becomes 1.0, which is known as Inflection point, it will be safe to state that the rate is no longer exponential. The estimated time to reach the inflection point is between 15-20 April. At that time, the estimated number of total positive cases will be over 12500, if lockdown remains continue.ConclusionsOur analysis suggests that there is an urgent need to take action to extend the period of lockdown and allocate enough resources, including personnel, beds, and intensive care facilities, to manage the situation in the next few days and weeks. Otherwise, the outbreak in India can reach the level of the USA or Italy or could be worse than these countries within a few days or weeks, given the size of the population and lack of resources.

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Does the novel coronavirus 2019 like heart more than the other family members of coronaviruses?

Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research ◽

10.34172/jcvtr.2020.27 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 156-157

Author(s):

Mohammad Mostafa Ansari Ramandi ◽

Mohammadreza Baay ◽

Nasim Naderi

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Family Members ◽

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽

The Other ◽

The Novel ◽

The World ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Coronavirus Infections

The disaster due to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world has made investigators enthusiastic about working on different aspects of COVID-19. However, although the pandemic of COVID-19 has not yet ended, it seems that COVID-19 compared to the other coronavirus infections (the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome [MERS] and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome [SARS]) is more likely to target the heart. Comparing the previous presentations of the coronavirus family and the recent cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 can also help in predicting possible future challenges and taking measures to tackle these issues.

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Covidom, a Telesurveillance Solution for Home Monitoring Patients With COVID-19 (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.20748 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Youri Yordanov ◽

Agnes Dechartres ◽

Xavier Lescure ◽

Caroline Apra ◽

Pascaline Villie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care Professionals ◽

Web Application ◽

Large Scale ◽

Home Monitoring ◽

Control Center ◽

Regional Control ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Paris Area ◽

Innovative Solution

UNSTRUCTURED In a matter of months, COVID-19 has escalated from a cluster of cases in Wuhan, China, to a global pandemic. As the number of patients with COVID-19 grew, solutions for the home monitoring of infected patients became critical. This viewpoint presents a telesurveillance solution—Covidom—deployed in the greater Paris area to monitor patients with COVID-19 in their homes. The system was rapidly developed and is being used on a large scale with more than 65,000 registered patients to date. The Covidom solution combines an easy-to-use and free web application for patients (through which patients fill out short questionnaires on their health status) with a regional control center that monitors and manages alerts (triggered by questionnaire responses) from patients whose health may be deteriorating. This innovative solution could alleviate the burden of health care professionals and systems while allowing for rapid response when patients trigger an alert.

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Skin Manifestations Associated with COVID-19: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

Dermatology ◽

10.1159/000512932 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Giovanni Genovese ◽

Chiara Moltrasio ◽

Emilio Berti ◽

Angelo Valerio Marzano

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Future Perspectives ◽

Cutaneous Manifestations ◽

Skin Manifestations ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Morbilliform Rash ◽

First Time ◽

Polymorphic Nature

Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is an ongoing global pandemic caused by the “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2), which was isolated for the first time in Wuhan (China) in December 2019. Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, dyspnea and hypogeusia/hyposmia. Among extrapulmonary signs associated with COVID-19, dermatological manifestations have been increasingly reported in the last few months. Summary: The polymorphic nature of COVID-19-associated cutaneous manifestations led our group to propose a classification, which distinguishes the following six main clinical patterns: (i) urticarial rash, (ii) confluent erythematous/maculopapular/morbilliform rash, (iii) papulovesicular exanthem, (iv) chilblain-like acral pattern, (v) livedo reticularis/racemosa-like pattern, (vi) purpuric “vasculitic” pattern. This review summarizes the current knowledge on COVID-19-associated cutaneous manifestations, focusing on clinical features and therapeutic management of each category and attempting to give an overview of the hypothesized pathophysiological mechanisms of these conditions.

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Why COVID-19 Transmission Is More Efficient and Aggressive Than Viral Transmission in Previous Coronavirus Epidemics?

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10091312 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1312 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fatma Elrashdy ◽

Elrashdy M. Redwan ◽

Vladimir N. Uversky

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Human Population ◽

Viral Transmission ◽

Host Factors ◽

The Past ◽

Viral Structure ◽

The World ◽

Human Host Factors

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The worldwide transmission of COVID-19 from human to human is spreading like wildfire, affecting almost every country in the world. In the past 100 years, the globe did not face a microbial pandemic similar in scale to COVID-19. Taken together, both previous outbreaks of other members of the coronavirus family (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV)) did not produce even 1% of the global harm already inflicted by COVID-19. There are also four other CoVs capable of infecting humans (HCoVs), which circulate continuously in the human population, but their phenotypes are generally mild, and these HCoVs received relatively little attention. These dramatic differences between infection with HCoVs, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 raise many questions, such as: Why is COVID-19 transmitted so quickly? Is it due to some specific features of the viral structure? Are there some specific human (host) factors? Are there some environmental factors? The aim of this review is to collect and concisely summarize the possible and logical answers to these questions.

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