The impact of cigarette package design on perceptions of risk

BackgroundUruguay, a South American country of 3.4 million inhabitants that has already banned tobacco advertising, prohibited such terms as light, mild and low-tar and required graphic warnings covering 80% of cigarette packs, is considering the imposition of plain, standardised packaging.MethodsWe conducted an experimental choice-based conjoint analysis of the impact of alternative cigarette package designs on the risk perceptions of 180 adult current Uruguayan smokers. We compared plain packaging, with a standardised brand description and the dark brown background colour required on Australian cigarette packages, to two controls: the current package design with distinctive brand elements and colours; and a modified package design, with distinctive brand elements and the dark brown background colour. Graphic warnings were also varied.ResultsPlain packaging significantly reduced the probability of perceiving the stimulus cigarettes as less harmful in comparison to the current package design (OR 0.398, 95% CI 0.333 to 0.476, p<0.001) and the modified package design (OR 0.729, 95% CI 0.626 to 0.849, p<0.001).ConclusionsPlain packaging enhanced the perceived risk of cigarette products even in a highly regulated setting such as Uruguay. Both the elimination of distinctive brand elements and the use of Australia’s dark brown background colour contributed to the observed effect.

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‘Everyone knows grandma’. Pathways to gambling venues in regional Australia

Health Promotion International ◽

10.1093/heapro/daz120 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 1273-1282

Author(s):

Amy Bestman ◽

Samantha L Thomas ◽

Melanie Randle ◽

Hannah Pitt ◽

Rebecca Cassidy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Promotion ◽

Qualitative Interviews ◽

Local Area ◽

Social Practices ◽

Structural Factors ◽

Perceptions Of Risk ◽

Electronic Gambling ◽

Alternative Sources ◽

Regional Australia ◽

The Impact

Abstract In regional Australia, families (including children), attend community venues that contain gambling products, such as electronic gambling machines (EGMs), for a range of non-gambling reasons. However, there is a gap in research that seeks to understand how these venues may become embedded into family social practices. Drawing on Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus and cultural capital, this paper aimed to explore factors that influence family decisions to attend venues and perceptions of risk associated with children’s exposure to gambling products. Face-to-face qualitative interviews were conducted with 31 parents who attended community gambling venues with their children, in New South Wales, Australia. Families attended venues for three key reasons, first because of the influence of others in their social networks, second for regular social activities and third because of structural factors such as a lack of alternative, affordable, family friendly environments in their local area. Despite recognizing the harm associated with EGMs, parents distanced themselves from EGM harm with all parents perceiving venues to be an appropriate space for families. Research in this study indicates that family social practices within venues affect perceptions of risk associated with community gambling venues. The impact of these practices on longer-term health requires more investigation by public health and health promotion researchers and practitioners. Health promotion initiatives should consider identifying alternative sources of support and/or developing alternative social spaces for families in regional communities that do not contain gambling products.

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The Impact of Timing and Bundling Flexibility on Affect‐Based Service Package Design

Decision Sciences ◽

10.1111/deci.12361 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 (5) ◽

pp. 948-984

Author(s):

Michael J. Dixon ◽

Gary M. Thompson

Keyword(s):

Package Design ◽

Service Package ◽

The Impact

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Effect of Risk and Protective Decision Aids on Flood Preparation in Vulnerable Communities

Weather Climate and Society ◽

10.1175/wcas-d-17-0069.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 401-417 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gabrielle Wong-Parodi ◽

Baruch Fischhoff ◽

Benjamin Strauss

Keyword(s):

Decision Aids ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Control Group ◽

Perceptions Of Risk ◽

Additional Information ◽

Vulnerable Communities ◽

Protective Actions ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Impact ◽

Positive Effect

Abstract Although the risks of flooding demand responses by communities and societies, there are also many cost-effective actions that individuals can take. The authors examine two potential determinants of such adoption: individual predisposition to act and the impact of decision aids that emphasize the risk, the actions, both, or neither (control). Respondents are a representative sample (N = 1201) of individuals in the areas most heavily affected by Superstorm Sandy in 2012. The authors find that, in the overall sample, seeing protective actions coupled with risk information or alone produced higher rates of individuals reporting that they intended to take action preparing for future storms, compared to a control group receiving no additional information. Moreover, that occurred despite the aids reducing their perceptions of risk. The authors find that individuals who reported having taken previous action are more responsive to decision aid messages with the exception of the combined message (risk and protective actions)—which had a positive effect on those who had not acted previously, but a negative effect on those who had. These results suggest that, in communities that already are aware of their flood risks, the critical need is for authoritative, comprehensible information regarding the most feasible and cost-effective protective actions that they can take. Providing such information requires analysis to determine which actions qualify and a design process that incorporates user feedback to ensure that recommendations are easily understood and credible.

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The impact of mental health diagnoses on perceptions of risk of criminality

International Journal of Social Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/0020764020913322 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 397-410

Author(s):

Jessica L Garcia ◽

Adanna J Johnson ◽

Marianna E Carlucci ◽

Rachel L Grover

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Illness ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Predictor Variables ◽

Alcohol Dependency ◽

Perceived Severity ◽

Future Studies ◽

Crime Severity ◽

Perceptions Of Risk ◽

The Impact

Background: Previous research has examined the relation between mental illness (MI) and perceptions of dangerousness, but less research has focused on its relation to perceived risk of criminality. Individuals with MI are perceived to be more dangerous than those without, and individuals with schizophrenia or substance abuse diagnoses are viewed as being more dangerous. Research also supports that race of individuals with MI plays an important role in the conceptualization and experience of stigma. Aims: The current study investigated the relation between MI, perceived criminality and race of diagnosed individuals. Method: Two hundred ninety participants were randomly assigned to read one of the four vignettes and answer a series of questions. The first three vignettes depicted someone with MI (schizophrenia, depression or alcohol dependency), while the fourth vignette served as a control. Participants were asked to indicate likelihood of committing a future crime, severity of the future crime and the person’s potential for rehabilitation. Levels of sympathy and trust, as well as perceived race of the person, were also measured. Results: Presence of MI was a significant predictor where MI elicited higher levels of perceived risk of criminality. The remaining predictor variables (type of MI, familiarity with MI and criminality and perceived race) were not significant predictors. Exploratory analyses revealed the schizophrenia and alcohol dependency conditions elicited higher levels of perceived severity of future crimes. Perceived MI severity and likelihood of rehabilitation were all significantly correlated with perceived risk of criminality. Conclusion: Presence of MI appears to be the most important in influencing participant attitudes about perceived risk of criminality, though type of MI may influence beliefs about severity of future crimes. The impact of race could not be examined but should be examined in future studies.

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Packaging of High Brightness, Big-Chip LEDs

Additional Conferences (Device Packaging HiTEC HiTEN & CICMT) ◽

10.4071/2011dpc-wa33 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 (DPC) ◽

pp. 001472-001492

Author(s):

Lidia Lee ◽

Paul Panaccione

Keyword(s):

Form Factor ◽

System Design ◽

Light Output ◽

Large Area ◽

Plug And Play ◽

High Brightness ◽

Package Design ◽

System Requirements ◽

Lighting Systems ◽

The Impact

A common approach for designing HB-LEDs into a variety of lighting systems is to arrange an array of many emitters over a large area in order to provide the required photometric flux. In certain applications, this common approach of arraying a large number of small chip LEDs introduces a number of challenges that can be solved by using a single package of big-chip LEDs with enough light output to meet the system requirements. This presentation will discuss package design for big-chip LEDs, compared to an array of many small emitter packages. In addition to big-chip package design, the impact on system design including optics, drivers, thermals, reliability, and form factor will be addressed. For illustration, a reference example will be presented in detail, consisting of an easy to use plug and play single package with 36mm2 of emitting area capable of up to 6000 lumens.

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