M54. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MUSICAL ABILITY SUBSCALE PERFORMANCE, PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS, AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

Abstract Background Several studies showed that patients with schizophrenia have a lower musical ability that correlates with poorer cognitive functions and severer negative symptoms. Despite the strong relevance of musical ability to cognitive functions and psychiatric symptoms, little is known about the correlation of each subscale of musical ability to cognitive functions and psychiatric symptoms. Therefore, we sought to analyze the correlations of the subtests of musical ability to cognitive functions and psychiatric symptoms. Methods Sixty-four patients with schizophrenia (36 males, mean age = 48.6 ± 10.9 years old) and 80 healthy control subjects (44 males, mean age = 45.3 ± 12.3 years old) consented to participate. We measured musical ability, cognitive functions, and symptom severity using the Montreal Battery for Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA), Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), respectively. MBEA subscales include melody discrimination, rhythm discrimination, and musical memory. BACS subscales are comprised of verbal memory, working memory, motor speed, word fluency, attention/processing speed, and executive function. We used the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. For the BACS six subscales, and the three musical subscales, we considered p < 0.00278 to be significant (18 tests), and for PANSS three symptom subscale scores and three musical subscales, we considered p < 0.0056 to be significant (9 tests). Results All musical subscale scores of patients were significantly lower than controls. Lower musical ability subscales were correlated with lower cognitive functions in both healthy controls and patients. In schizophrenia, as previously reported, there were associations between lower musical ability subscales, lower cognitive functions, and more severe psychiatric symptoms. In patients with schizophrenia, while melody discrimination was not correlated with cognitive functions, rhythm discrimination was correlated with verbal memory (beta = 0.378, SE= 0.010, t = 3.42, p = 0.0012) and attention/processing speed (beta = 0.433, SE= 0.013, t = 3.20, p = 0.0022) adjusted for age, gender, and years of musical education. PANSS negative symptoms were correlated with melody discrimination (beta = 0.346, SE= 0.051, t = -2.82, p = 0.0066) and rhythm discrimination (beta = 0.3259, SE= 0.045, t = -2.88, p = 0.0056), but not musical memory. Discussion This study revealed an association between performance on rhythm discrimination and both verbal memory and word fluency. Furthermore, more severe negative symptoms were associated with lower abilities in melody and rhythm discrimination. Rhythm discrimination could be associated with language disturbances, possibly providing a new insight into the language and musical deficits contributing to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

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the Deleterious Effect of Cognitive Impairment, Negative Symptoms and Functional Disability on Quality of Life in Chronic Schizophrenia

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71425-7 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

E. Elizagárate ◽

P. Sánchez ◽

A.B. Yoller ◽

J. Peña ◽

N. Ojeda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

Functional Disability ◽

Psychiatric Symptoms ◽

Neuropsychological Functioning ◽

Chronic Schizophrenia ◽

Motor Speed

Aims:To examine the relative contributions of psychiatric symptoms, functional disability, neuropsychological functioning and sociodemographic variables to quality of life (QOL) in patients with chronic schizophrenia.Method:We examined 165 hospitalised patients with long term schizophrenia (DSM-IV). Measures of psychiatric symptoms included depression (Calgary depression Scale), insight (David Insight Scale), symptom severity (BPRS) and PANSS (Positive and Negative Symptom Scale). Neuropsychological battery included tests for verbal memory, executive functioning, verbal fluency, working memory, motor speed and processing speed. Functional disability was assessed with the Disability Assessment Schedule (DAS-WHO) and Quality of life was assessed with the Quality of Life Scale.Results:Age, years of evolution, negative symptoms, insight and neuropsychological variables (except motor speed) all were significantly related to level of quality of life. in a multiple regression analysis, entering the neuropsychological functioning, functional disability and negative symptoms generated a model which accounted for a 74.9% of the variance in QOL. Functional disability, as expected, accounted for 56% of the variance, whereas Processing Speed explained an additional 6.2%. Symptom Severity and Verbal Fluency predicted 3.7% and 3.5% of the variance, respectively. Negative symptoms, Verbal Memory and Vocabulary, were also significant predictors in the model, but had less predictive value. However, Positive Symptoms and Sociodemographic Variables did not significantly contribute to predict quality of life.Conclusion:Our findings support the predictive value of neuropsychological functioning, functional disability and severity of negative symptoms in long term quality of life in schizophrenia.

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Cognitive function in female patients with schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.070 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 33 (S1) ◽

pp. S97-S97 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A.C. Botis ◽

I. Miclutia ◽

N. Vlasin

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Cognitive Impairments ◽

Motor Speed ◽

Female Patients ◽

Speed Of Information Processing ◽

Brief Assessment ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Competing Interest

IntroductionThe metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cognitive impairments, both related with poor outcomes in schizophrenia, are common in patients with this disorder. MetS has been associated with cognitive impairments in schizophrenia, but there is no general consensus regarding the description of various domains of neurocognition in patients with schizophrenia related to MetS.ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to assess cognitive functions in female patients with schizophrenia complicated by metabolic syndrome compared to those with schizophrenia without metabolic syndrome.MethodsFifty-four female patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were divided into two groups: MetS group (MetS+) and non-MetS group (MetS−). Cognitive functioning were investigated using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS).ResultsTwenty-seven (52%) patients with schizophrenia met criteria for the MetS diagnosis. Mean age of patients was 40.80. Patients from MetS+ group performed significantly worse on verbal memory (P = 0.005), executive functions (P = 0.028) and motor speed (P = 0.035) as compared to MetS− group. Patients with schizophrenia who were hypertensive showed cognitive impairments in 2 domains of cognition: attention and speed of information processing (P = 0.004) and verbal fluency (P = 0.001). Patients with hypertriglyceridemia performed significantly worse on verbal memory (P = 0.005). Motor speed was associated with waist circumference (P = 0.02).ConclusionsAt a mean age of 40 years old, female patients with schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome show difficulties in more domains of cognitive function compared to female patients with schizophrenia without metabolic syndrome. Our findings suggest a link between cognition and metabolic syndrome in female patients with schizophrenia.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Decreased processing speed might account for working memory span deficit in schizophrenia, and might mediate the associations between working memory span and clinical symptoms

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.02.009 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 29 (8) ◽

pp. 473-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

G. Brébion ◽

C. Stephan-Otto ◽

E. Huerta-Ramos ◽

J. Usall ◽

M. Perez del Olmo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Memory Impairment ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

Memory Span ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Verbal Working Memory ◽

Motor Speed ◽

Speed Measure ◽

Cognitive Speed

AbstractObjectiveVerbal working memory span is decreased in patients with schizophrenia, and this might contribute to impairment in higher cognitive functions as well as to the formation of certain clinical symptoms. Processing speed has been identified as a crucial factor in cognitive efficiency in this population. We tested the hypothesis that decreased processing speed underlies the verbal working memory deficit in patients and mediates the associations between working memory span and clinical symptoms.MethodForty-nine schizophrenia inpatients recruited from units for chronic and acute patients, and forty-five healthy participants, were involved in the study. Verbal working memory span was assessed by means of the letter-number span. The Digit Copy test was used to assess motor speed, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test to assess cognitive speed.ResultsThe working memory span was significantly impaired in patients (F(1,90) = 4.6, P < 0.05). However, the group difference was eliminated when either the motor or the cognitive speed measure was controlled (F(1,89) = 0.03, P = 0.86, and F(1,89) = 0.03, P = 0.88). In the patient group, working memory span was significantly correlated with negative symptoms (r = –0.52, P < 0.0001) and thought disorganisation (r = –0.34, P < 0.025) scores. Regression analyses showed that the association with negative symptoms was no longer significant when the motor speed measure was controlled (β = –0.12, P = 0.20), while the association with thought disorganisation was no longer significant when the cognitive speed measure was controlled (β = –0.10, P = 0.26).ConclusionsDecrement in motor and cognitive speed plays a significant role in both the verbal working memory impairment observed in patients and the associations between verbal working memory impairment and clinical symptoms.

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Validation of the French version of the BACS (the brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia) among 50 French schizophrenic patients

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.02.001 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 365-370 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Marie-Cécile Bralet ◽

Bruno Falissard ◽

Xavier Neveu ◽

Margaret Lucas-Ross ◽

Anne-Marie Eskenazi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Correlation Analysis ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

English Language ◽

Global Score ◽

Motor Speed ◽

French Version ◽

Speed Of Information Processing ◽

Brief Assessment ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

Key Dimensions

AbstractSchizophrenic patients demonstrate impairments in several key dimensions of cognition. These impairments are correlated with important aspects of functional outcome. While assessment of these cognition disorders is increasingly becoming a part of clinical and research practice in schizophrenia, there is no standard and easily administered test battery. The BACS (Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia) has been validated in English language [Keefe RSE, Golberg TE, Harvey PD, Gold JM, Poe MP, Coughenour L. The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia: reliability, sensibility, and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery. Schizophr. Res 2004;68:283–97], and was found to be as sensitive to cognitive dysfunction as a standard battery of tests, with the advantage of requiring less than 35 min to complete. We developed a French adaptation of the BACS and this study tested its ease of administration and concurrent validity. Correlation analyses between the BACS (version A) and a standard battery were performed. A sample of 50 stable schizophrenic patients received the French Version A of the BACS in a first session, and in a second session a standard battery. All the patients completed each of the subtests of the French BACS . The mean duration of completion for the BACS French version was 36 min (S.D. = 5.56). A correlation analysis between the BACS (version A) global score and the standard battery global score showed a significant result (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001). The correlation analysis between the BACS (version A) sub-scores and the standard battery sub-scores showed significant results for verbal memory, working memory, verbal fluency, attention and speed of information processing and executive functions (p < 0.001) and for motor speed (p < 0.05). The French Version of the BACS is easier to use in French schizophrenic patients compared to a standard battery (administration shorter and completion rate better) and its good psychometric properties suggest that the French Version of the BACS may be a useful tool for assessing cognition in schizophrenic patients with French as their primary language.

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Neuropsychological Deficits and Concomitant Clinical Symptoms in Schizophrenia

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040.9.2.96 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 96-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Bernhard W. Müller ◽

Gudrun Sartory ◽

Stefan Bender

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Memory Function ◽

Chronic Schizophrenia ◽

Neuropsychological Deficits ◽

Word Fluency ◽

Syndrome Scale ◽

Healthy Control

The most frequently reported neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia are those of attention, executive function, and verbal memory. Whereas the former appear to be related to negative symptoms of schizophrenia, there is little agreement about which clinical symptoms are related to the verbal memory deficit. The aim of the present study was to delineate further the pattern of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia—especially those of verbal memory—and their relationship to clinical symptoms. One hundred patients with chronic schizophrenia and 62 healthy control subjects took part in the study. Assessments of patients took place within the first 3 weeks after admission to hospital. Nine neuropsychological tests, mainly measuring executive and memory function and attention, were administered to all subjects, and clinical symptoms, such as psychotic and negative symptoms and conceptual disorganization, were assessed in patients by means of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Patients showed widespread cognitive deficits with verbal memory impairment best discriminating patients and controls. Conceptual disorganization was partly accounted for by poor verbal memory and a low IQ estimate, and negative symptoms by deficient word fluency; positive symptoms were not significantly related to cognitive deficits. The results indicate that there is a specific relationship between neuropsychological deficits and the more chronic of the clinical symptoms.

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Associations Between Declining Physical and Cognitive Functions in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/glaa023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (7) ◽

pp. 1393-1402 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Judith A Okely ◽

Ian J Deary

Keyword(s):

Grip Strength ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Walking Speed ◽

Cognitive Domain ◽

Visuospatial Ability ◽

Coupling Effects ◽

Physical Functions ◽

Linear Decline

Abstract Background The ageing process is characterized by declines in physical and cognitive function. However, the relationship between these trajectories remains a topic of investigation. Methods Using four data waves collected triennially between ages 70 and 79, we tested for associations between multiple cognitive ability domains (verbal memory, processing speed, and visuospatial ability) and physical functions (walking speed, grip strength, and lung function). We first tested for associations between linear declines in physical and cognitive functions over the entire 9-year study period, and then, for lead-lag coupling effects between 3-year changes in cognitive and physical functions. Results Steeper linear decline in walking speed was moderately correlated with steeper linear declines in each cognitive domain. Steeper linear decline in grip strength was moderately correlated with steeper linear declines in verbal memory and processing speed. Lead-lag coupling models showed that decline in verbal memory was preceded by declines in walking speed and grip strength. By contrast, decline in grip strength was preceded by declines in processing speed and visuospatial ability, and decline in walking speed was preceded by decline in visuospatial ability. Following additional adjustment for covariates, only coupling effects from earlier decline in processing speed to later decline in grip strength remained significant (β = 0.545, p = .006). Conclusion Our findings provide further evidence of an association between cognitive and physical declines and point to the potential order in which these changes occur. Decline in processing speed in particular may serve as a unique early marker of declining upper body strength.

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M55. STRUCTURAL CHANGES RELEVANT TO MUSICAL DEFICITS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.367 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S155-S155

Author(s):

Ken Sawada ◽

Yoshiki Akagawa ◽

William Honer

Keyword(s):

White Matter ◽

Cortical Thickness ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Diffusion Tensor ◽

Psychiatric Symptoms ◽

Musical Training ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Human Cognition ◽

Musical Ability

Abstract Background Music is a shared experience in human culture. The ability to perceive, enjoy, and produce music is closely related to a fundamental element of human cognition. We previously reported that patients with schizophrenia have musical disability compared to healthy comparison. Several replications have shown that patients with schizophrenia have low musical ability that correlates with poor cognitive functions and severe psychiatric symptoms. We also reported that thinner cortical thickness in the left temporal, parietal, and inferior frontal regions is associated with lower musical ability in schizophrenia. Next, we sought to investigate diffusion tensor images (DTI) and local gyrification index (LGI) in patients with schizophrenia. Methods Twenty-two right-handed patients with schizophrenia (12 males and 10 females, mean age = 45.9 years) and 20 right-handed healthy control subjects (13 males and 7 females, mean age = 42.8 years) consented to participate in this study. We measured musical ability, cognitive functions, and clinical assessments using the Montreal Battery for Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA), Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), respectively. We employed automatic probabilistic tractography DTI analysis using TRActs Constrained by UnderLying Anatomy (TRACULA) available in the Freesurfer software for the reconstruction of major tract bundles. The LGI was measured by quantifying the gyrification in spherical three-dimensional regions of interest by the Freesurfer. Results Whole-tract diffusion characteristics in patients with schizophrenia and controls were significantly different. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was lower for patients with schizophrenia compared to controls in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus - parietal endings (slfp) (p < 0.001), left cingulum - angular bundle (cab) (p < 0.001), and corpus callosum - forceps minor (fminor) (p < 0.001). We found significant correlation between musical abilities and FA alterations in slfp in both controls and patients with schizophrenia. While lower musical ability corresponds to lower FA in slfp of controls (r = -0.572, p = 0.013), it is associated with higher FA in the slfp of patients with schizophrenia (r = 0.515, p = 0.021). We did not reveal any significant correlation of musical ability to LGI in patients with schizophrenia. In controls, the correlation of musical ability to LGI in parahippocampal region after adjusting for age, sex, and years of musical training. Discussion This study shows that TRACULA can be used for the detection of decrements in several DTI tracts including the left slfp, left cab, and fminor in patients with schizophrenia. It revealed that while lower musical ability correlates with lower FA values in the left slfp in controls, it is associated with higher FA values in the same region in patients with schizophrenia. This contradictory finding in controls and patients with schizophrenia with regard to white matter pathology may reflect left supramarginal region malfunction resulting in cortical pathology in patients with schizophrenia. The data suggest that patients with schizophrenia may be more susceptible to changes in cortical thickness in the supramarginal region, and white matter alteration in the left slfp. Further study is needed to confirm the results. The characteristics of grey and white matter in the left parietal region which are relevant to musical ability may provide insight into pathological progression in patients with schizophrenia.

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An Open-label Clinical Study of Chronic L-theanine Supplementation in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (P12-007-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz035.p12-007-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Shinsuke Hidese ◽

Miho Ota ◽

Hayato Ozawa ◽

Tsutomu Okubo ◽

Hiroshi Kunugi

Keyword(s):

Clinical Study ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Stroop Test ◽

Open Label ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Brief Assessment ◽

Current Medication

Abstract Objectives The present study is designed to investigate the effectiveness of L-theanine (Suntheanine®) among patients with major depression disorder (MDD). Methods Twenty patients were recruited with moderate MDD (4 males; mean age: 41.0 ± 14.1 years, and 16 females; 42.9 ± 12.0 years) for this open-label clinical study. Participants were supplemented with L-theanine (250 mg/day) along with their current medication for 8 consecutive weeks. The cognitive functions and related symptoms were evaluated at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after L-theanine supplementation using advanced version (21-items) of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-21), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS), including the Stroop test. Results L-theanine supplementation effectively lowered the HAMD-21 score (P = 0.007), and reduction was also observed in unremitted patients (HAMD-21 > 7; P = 0.004) at baseline. STAI test results indicated a significant decrease in Anxiety-trait scores (P = 0.012) after L-theanine supplementation. PSQI scores also decreased in the unremitted patients at baseline after L-theanine intake (P = 0.030). Concerning to the cognitive functions, response latency (P = 0.001) and error rate (P = 0.036) were lowered in the Stroop test, while executive function (P = 0.016) and verbal memory (P = 0.005) were significantly enhanced in the BACS test after L-theanine supplementation. Conclusions This study demonstrates that chronic L-theanine supplementation (8 weeks) is quite safe and features with diverse beneficial effects on the improvement of depressive symptoms, sleep disturbance, anxiety, and cognitive impairment functions in patients with MDD. Funding Sources This study was supported by an unrestricted research grant provided by the Taiyo Kagaku Co. Ltd.

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Long-term effects of risperidoneversushaloperidol on verbal memory, attention, and symptomatology in schizophrenia

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617708080090 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 110-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

SOPHIE RÉMILLARD ◽

EMMANUELLE POURCHER ◽

HENRI COHEN

Keyword(s):

Verbal Memory ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

Psychiatric Symptoms ◽

Verbal Learning ◽

California Verbal Learning Test ◽

Neurocognitive Performance ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Assessment Period ◽

Learning Test

There is evidence in the literature that cognitive functions in schizophrenia (SC) may be improved by atypical neuroleptics (NLPs) in contrast to typical medication, but there is still controversy regarding this apparent superiority of atypical drugs. In this study, we assessed the differential effects of risperidone and haloperidol on verbal memory, attention, and psychiatric symptoms in SC. The performance of 28 SC participants, randomly assigned to risperidone (2–6 mg/day) or haloperidol (2–40 mg/day), was compared with that of healthy controls. The California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), the d2 Cancellation Test, and the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale were administered at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months. Relative to controls, all SC participants showed markedly impaired verbal memory and processing speed at each assessment period. There was no differential effect between the two NLPs on CVLT and d2 performance. However, risperidone was more effective than haloperidol in reducing psychiatric symptoms. Improvement in symptom severity was not associated with improvement in neurocognitive performance on these specific tests. Neither conventional nor atypical neuroleptic medications improved neurocognitive functioning over a 12-month follow-up, suggesting that psychopathological improvement under risperidone is independent of cognitive function. (JINS, 2008,14, 110–118.)

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An examination of factors that may contribute to gender differences in psychomotor processing speed

BMC Psychology ◽

10.1186/s40359-021-00698-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eka Roivainen ◽

Frans Suokas ◽

Anne Saari

Keyword(s):

Processing Speed ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Motor Speed ◽

Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Motor Dexterity ◽

Nonverbal Reasoning

Abstract Background For unknown reasons, females outperform males on tests of psychomotor processing speed (PS), such as the Coding and Symbol Search subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Method In the present study, the effects of intelligence, memory, personality, fine motor speed, gross motor dexterity, height, weight, age, sex, and education on psychomotor processing speed were studied in an outpatient sample (n = 130). Results Moderate (r > .40) correlations were found between PS and verbal reasoning, nonverbal reasoning, verbal memory, and fine motor speed. Weak (r > .20) correlations were found between PS and gross motor dexterity, extraversion, education, weight, and sex. Females outperformed males in PS and in fine motor speed. Stepwise linear regression analysis indicated nonverbal reasoning, fine motor speed, and sex as independent predictors of PS. Conclusions One interpretation of the results is that the factors underlying sex differences in processing speed are not psychological but neurological or physiological in nature and therefore a wider variety of measures from these disciplines are needed for further studies. For clinical assessment purposes, psychological tests should preferably provide different norms for male and female PS scores.

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