Effects of soybean meal concentration in lactating sow diets on sow and litter performance and blood criteria1

Abstract A total of 131 sows (Line 241; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used in a study to evaluate the effect of increasing soybean meal concentration in lactating sow diets on sow and litter performance. Sows were blocked by body weight (BW) within parity on day 112 of gestation and allotted to one of three treatments of increasing dietary soybean meal (25%, 30%, or 35% of the total diet). Diets were formulated to 1.05% standardized ileal digestible lysine (Lys) with L-Lys HCl decreasing as soybean meal increased. All other amino acids and nutrients were formulated to meet nutrient requirement recommendations. Diets were fed from day 112 of gestation until weaning (day 20 ± 2). Litters were cross-fostered up to 48 h after farrowing to equalize litter size. Increasing soybean meal concentration increased (linear, P = 0.017) sow BW loss and tended to increase (quadratic, P = 0.052) sow backfat loss from farrowing to weaning. Sow average daily feed intake (ADFI) from day 0 to 7 was similar (P > 0.10) across dietary treatments. However, from day 7 to 14, 14 to weaning, and overall, ADFI decreased (linear, P = 0.01) as soybean meal concentration increased. Despite the linear response in ADFI, the greatest decrease was observed as soybean meal concentration increased from 30% to 35% of the diet. There was no evidence for difference (P > 0.10) in wean-to-estrus interval, litter size, litter weight, or litter weight gain between dietary treatments. Sow serum urea nitrogen concentrations taken on day 14 of lactation increased (linear, P = 0.001) as soybean meal concentration increased. There was no difference (P > 0.05) for sow creatinine concentration, regardless of dietary treatment, suggesting that the increased urea nitrogen was a reflection of the increased dietary crude protein as opposed to increased protein catabolism. In summary, sow feed intake decreased and weight loss increased as soybean meal concentration of the diet increased, with the greatest decrease observed at 35% of the total diet. Although there were no differences in litter performance, it appeared that 35% soybean meal in the lactation diet negatively affected feed intake.

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PSV-8 Effects of soybean meal concentration in lactating sow diets on sow and litter performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.343 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 195-195

Author(s):

Kiah M Gourley ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Joel M DeRouchey ◽

Mike D Tokach ◽

Steve S Dritz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Litter Size ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Serum Urea ◽

Litter Weight ◽

Total Diet ◽

Nitrogen Concentrations ◽

D 20 ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Lactating Sow

Abstract A total of 133 sows (Line 241; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used to evaluate the effect of increasing soybean meal concentration in lactating sow diets on sow and litter performance. Sows were blocked by body weight and parity on d 112 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 3 treatments of increasing soybean meal (25, 30, or 35% of total diet). Diets were formulated to contain 1.05% SID Lys with L-Lys HCl decreasing as soybean meal increased. All other amino acids and nutrients were formulated to meet nutrient requirement recommendations with L-threonine, DL-methionine, L-tryptophan, and L-valine added to the 25% SBM diet. Diets were fed from d 112 of gestation until weaning (d 20 ± 2). Litters were cross-fostered until 48 h after farrowing to equalize litter size. Sow average daily feed intake from d 0 to 7 was similar across dietary treatments. However, ADFI decreased from d 7 to 14, d 14 to weaning, and overall, (linear, P = 0.017) sow BW loss, and tended to increase (quadratic, P = 0.052) backfat loss from farrowing to weaning. There was no evidence for difference between dietary treatments in litter size, litter weight, nursing litter weight gain at weaning, or wean to estrus interval. Sow serum urea nitrogen concentrations taken on d 14 increased (linear, P = 0.001) as soybean meal concentration increased; however, there was no evidence for difference in serum creatinine. In summary, sow feed intake decreased and sow weight and backfat loss increased with increasing soybean meal concentration with no differences observed for litter performance.

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186 Effects of soybean meal concentration in lactating sow diets on sow and litter performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.184 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 104-104

Author(s):

Kiah M Gourley ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Joel M DeRouchey ◽

Mike D Tokach ◽

Steve S Dritz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Litter Size ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Serum Urea ◽

Litter Weight ◽

Total Diet ◽

Nitrogen Concentrations ◽

D 20 ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Lactating Sow

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280 Effects of metabolizable energy and standardized ileal digestible lysine levels on lactating sow and litter performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.166 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 95-96

Author(s):

Gustavo Silva ◽

Robyn Thompson ◽

Brandon Knopf ◽

Laura L Greiner ◽

Jose A Soto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Litter Size ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Main Effect ◽

Lactating Sows ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Lactating Sow ◽

Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine

Abstract The objective was to determine the effects of metabolizable energy (ME) and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels on lactating sows and litter performance. A total of 600 sows (Camborough; PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were blocked by parity (P1, P2, P3+) on d 112 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 6 treatments arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial with the main effect of ME (3.2 and 3.4 Mcal/kg) and SID Lys (0.70, 0.85, and 1.00 %). Corn-soybean meal-based diets were fed from farrowing until weaning (d 21±2.3). Litters were cross-fostered until 48-h after farrowing to equalize litter size. Sows were weighed at d 112 of gestation and at weaning. Litter size and weight were collected at 24-h post-farrow and weaning. Daily feed intake was recorded from 48-h post-farrow until weaning. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with sow as the experimental unit. There was no evidence of interaction between ME and SID Lys for any response criteria. There was no evidence for an ME effect on sow performance. There was a quadratic effect (P< 0.05) of SID Lys on sow average daily feed intake, with the greatest intake at 0.85% SID Lys. Increasing SID Lys levels increased sow BW change (linear, P< 0.05). Litters from sows fed 3.4 Mcal of ME/kg had greater (P< 0.05) daily gain compared to those from sows fed 3.2 Mcal of ME/kg. Increasing SID Lys levels increased (linear, P< 0.05) litter weight at weaning and piglet daily gain. Wean-to-estrus interval, percentage of sows bred after weaning, total born on the subsequent parity, litter size at weaning, and percent of piglet removals were not influenced by dietary treatments. In summary, increasing ME levels did not affect sow performance, but improved litter and piglet daily gain. Increasing SID Lys levels improved both litter and sow performance.

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Effect of high phytase supplementation in lactation diets on sow and litter performance

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txaa227 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kelsey L Batson ◽

Hilda I Calderón ◽

Robert D Goodband ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Mike D Tokach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Litter Size ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Control Diet ◽

Net Energy ◽

Weaning Weight ◽

Litter Weight ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Cross Fostering

Abstract A total of 109 sows (Line 241; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used to evaluate the effect of increasing dietary phytase in lactation diets, already adequate in P, on sow and litter performance. On d 107 of gestation, sows were blocked by body weight and parity and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments of increasing phytase concentration (0, 1,000, or 3,000 FYT/kg; Ronozyme Hi Phos GT 2700, DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ). The control diet contained no phytase and was formulated to contain 0.50% standardized total tract digestible phosphorus (STTD P; 0.45% available P) and 0.62% STTD Calcium (0.90% total Ca). The phytase diets that contained 1,000 or 3,000 FYT/kg were also formulated to 0.50% STTD P and 0.62% STTD Ca including the release of 0.132% STTD P and 0.096% STTD Ca. Diets were balanced for net energy and fed from d 107 of gestation until weaning (d 18 ±3). All farrowings were monitored, with farrowing duration starting at the time the first pig was born until the first dispersal of placental tissues with no subsequent pigs born. Litters were cross-fostered within treatment until 48 h post-farrowing to equalize litter size. There were no differences among treatments in sow body weight at d 107 of gestation, 24-h after farrowing, or at weaning. Sow average daily feed intake from farrowing to weaning tended to increase (linear, P = 0.093) as phytase increased. There was no evidence for difference in the number of total born pigs, as well as the percentage of stillborns, mummies, and born alive pigs at the completion of farrowing. Similarly, phytase supplementation did not influence (P > 0.05) wean-to-estrus interval or litter size after cross-fostering among dietary treatments. Although not significant (linear, P = 0.226), farrowing duration decreased as added phytase increased with a decrease of 47 minutes (12%) for 3,000 FYT compared to the control. There were no differences in pig weight at weaning, but as a result of increased survivability (linear, P = 0.002), litter weaning weight and overall litter weight gain increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) up to 1,000 FYT of added phytase with no further benefit observed in sows fed 3,000 FYT. In conclusion, sow feed intake tended to increase linearly with increasing added phytase. Feeding 1,000 FYT/kg maximized overall litter gain and weaning weight; however, a larger scale study with more sows is needed to determine the addition of phytase in lactation diets to reduce farrowing duration.

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269 Effects of high phytase supplementation in lactation diets on sow and litter performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.175 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 101-102

Author(s):

Kelsey L Batson ◽

Hilda I Calderon Cartagena ◽

Robert D Goodband ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Mike D Tokach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Litter Size ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Control Diet ◽

Small Scale ◽

Body Weight Change ◽

Weaning Weight ◽

Commercial Trial ◽

Quadratic Response ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract A total of 109 sows (Line 241; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used in a study to evaluate the effect of increasing phytase concentration in lactation diets on sow and litter performance. On d 107 of gestation, sows were blocked by body weight and parity and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments of increasing phytase concentration (0, 1,000, or 3,000 FYT/kg; Ronozyme HiPhos 2700; DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ). The control diet contained no phytase and was formulated to contain 0.50% standardized total tract digestible phosphorus (STTD P; 0.45% available P) and 0.62% STTD calcium (0.90% total Ca). The same STTD P and Ca concentrations were formulated for the phytase diets considering a release of 0.132 STTD P and 0.094 STTD Ca in both diets. Diets were fed from d 107 of gestation until weaning (d 18 ± 2). Litters were cross-fostered within treatment until 48 h post-farrowing to equalize litter size. Linear and quadratic response to phytase concentration was evaluated using the lmer function in R. There was no evidence for difference in sow body weight change, farrowing performance, wean-to-estrus interval, or litter size among dietary treatments. Sow average daily feed intake from farrowing to weaning tended to increase (linear, P=0.093) as phytase increased. Although not significant (linear, P =0.226), farrowing duration decreased as phytase increased. Litter weaning weight increased (quadratic, P=0.039) and overall litter gain increased (quadratic, P=0.047) with 1,000 FYT of phytase. In summary, sow feed intake tended to increase linearly with increasing phytase; however, feeding 1,000 FYT/kg maximized overall litter gain and weaning weight. This small-scale study suggests sow and litter performance benefits due to high inclusions of dietary phytase; however, a commercial trial with more sows is warranted to confirm these results.

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RAPESEED MEAL AS A REPLACEMENT FOR SOYBEAN MEAL IN DIETS OF PROGENY FROM SOWS FED EITHER PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas68-025 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 189-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. P. Bowland ◽

F. W. Schuld

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Rapeseed Meal ◽

Feed Utilization ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Protein Source ◽

Protein Supplement ◽

Initial Weight

First- and second-litter progeny from sows fed either 0 or 8% solvent-extracted rapeseed meal in replacement for isonitrogenous amounts of soybean meal and wheat was used to evaluate solvent-extracted rapeseed meal as a protein source. There was no influence of the dam’s diet on gain, efficiency of feed utilization, digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) or digestible nitrogen (DN) and nitrogen retention in the progeny. In pigs from first litters, the feeding of 8% rapeseed meal, compared with 0% rapeseed meal, depressed feed intake and rate of gain in the finishing period from 55 to 90 kg liveweight, and resulted in reduced gain and poorer efficiency of feed utilization for the overall experiment from 6 kg initial weight. Carcasses from rapeseed meal-fed pigs were leaner. Gilt carcasses were leaner than barrow carcasses. With second-litter pigs, there were no significant differences associated with dietary treatment or sex. There were no significant differences in DE or ME or in DN and nitrogen retention between pigs receiving 0 or 8% rapeseed meal in either the starting diets at 6 weeks of age or the growing diets at 40 kg liveweight.

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Comparative digestibility of polysaccharide-complexed zinc and zinc sulfate in diets for gestating and lactating sows

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa079 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Julia P Holen ◽

Lee J Johnston ◽

Pedro E Urriola ◽

Jack E Garrett ◽

Gerald C Shurson

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Zinc Sulfate ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Nutrient Balance ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

High Fiber ◽

Polysaccharide Complex ◽

Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽

Lactating Sows ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract We hypothesized that the digestibility of a zinc polysaccharide complex is greater than zinc sulfate when sows consume high fiber diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Gilts and sows (n = 32) were blocked according to parity and assigned randomly to one of four dietary treatments (n = 8 sows per treatments). Dietary treatments consisted of: 1) Control (ConZnSO4)—corn–soybean meal-based diet + 100 ppm supplemental Zn from ZnSO4; 2) Control PSZn (ConPSZn)—corn–soybean meal-based diet + 100 ppm supplemental Zn from Zn polysaccharide complex; 3) DDGS/ZnSO4—corn–soybean meal–40% DDGS gestation diet and a 30% DDGS lactation diet, with each containing 100 ppm supplemental Zn from ZnSO4; 4) DDGS/PSZn—corn–soybean meal–40% DDGS gestation diet and a 30% DDGS lactation diet, with each containing 100 ppm supplemental Zn from Zn polysaccharide complex. A fifth dietary treatment was imposed using a subset of sows (n = 20) to determine basal Zn losses in gestating and lactating sows fed corn–soybean meal-based diets containing no supplemental Zn. Nutrient balance experiments were conducted in both gestation and lactation to evaluate the digestibility of Zn sources of the four dietary treatments and to determine basal Zn losses when no supplemental Zn was provided. The statistical model included fixed effects of diet, Zn source, and their interaction, and random effects of parity. Estimated endogenous losses of Zn were used to adjust apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) to true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of Zn in the four dietary treatment balance periods. There were no differences in Zn concentrations of urine, plasma, colostrum, or milk samples among treatments at any time of the experiment (P > 0.05). Gestating sows fed DDGS/PSZn had improved (P < 0.05) ATTD, TTTD, and overall retention of Zn compared with both Control treatments, with the DDGS/ZnSO4 treatment responses being intermediate. Lactating sows consuming diets without DDGS and supplemented with Zn polysaccharide complex had the greatest (P < 0.05) ATTD, TTTD, and retention of Zn, which were opposite to responses observed in gestation. Furthermore, ATTD, TTTD, and Zn retention for lactating sows consuming DDGS/PSZn were less (P < 0.05) than all other treatments. Overall, zinc digestibility of ZnSO4 and PSZn appears to be differentially influenced by the stage of the reproductive cycle and presence of dietary fiber from DDGS.

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Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed barley-based diets containing toasted or non-toasted canola meal

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a04-056 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

pp. 53-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

P. A. Thacker ◽

R. W. Newkirk

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Control Diet ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Canola Meal ◽

Glucosinolate Content ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Similar Weight

Eighty crossbred pigs (28.7 ± 3.9 kg BW) were assigned to one of five dietary treatments in a factorial design experiment (sex × treatment). The control diet was formulated using barley and soybean meal, while four experimental diets were formulated with either toasted or non-toasted canola meal replacing either half or all of the soybean meal in the test diets. The total glucosinolate content of the non-toasted meal was more than 15-fold higher than the to asted meal (1.01 vs. 15.58 µmol g-1). The principal glucosinolates in the non-toasted meal were 3-butenyl (3.05 µmol g-1), 2-OH-3-butenyl (5.47 µmol g-1) and 4-OH-3-methylindoyl (4.68 µmol g-1). Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were significantly (P < 0.05) lower for the toasted and non-toasted canola meal diets compared with the soybean meal diet. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in digestibility coefficients between the two canola meals. Digestibility coefficients were higher (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the diets in which canola meal supplied only 50% of the supplementary protein compared with diets in which 100% of the supplementary protein was supplied by canola meal. Pigs fed toasted canola meal had similar weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion (P > 0.05) as pigs fed soybean meal while pigs fed non-toasted canola meal had lower weight gain and feed intake (P < 0.05) than pigs fed soybean meal. Feed conversion was unaffected by dietary treatment (P > 0.05). There were no significant effects (P < 0.05) due to diet on any carcass trait. The overall results of this experiment indicate that omitting the desolventization/toasting procedure from the process involved in the production of canola meal did not result in an improvement in the performance of pigs fed diets containing canola meal. Key words: Pigs, canola meal, performance, digestibility, carcass, toasting

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The response of sows to increased nutrient intake during mid to late gestation

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar05195 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 33 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. H. King ◽

P. J. Eason ◽

R. J. Smits ◽

W. C. Morley ◽

D. J. Henman

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Protein Content ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Litter Size ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Late Gestation ◽

Feeding Level ◽

Subsequent Fertility ◽

Dietary Treatments

Five hundred and ten multiparous sows were allocated at 66 days after mating to one of 6 dietary treatments that were imposed for the subsequent 35 days. The dietary treatments were 5 feeding levels of 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.4, and 3.8 kg/day of a gestation diet containing 12.9 MJ DE/kg, 127 g crude protein/kg, and 5.6 g lysine/kg, plus a protein intake treatment where sows received 2.8 kg/day of a lactation diet containing 13.8 MJ DE/kg, 168 g crude protein/kg, and 8.3 g lysine/kg. After the treatment period, all sows were offered the lactation diet at the common feeding level of 3.0 kg/day and after farrowing, all sows were offered this diet ad libitum throughout lactation. Increasing feeding levels between Day 66 and Day 101 of pregnancy increased (P < 0.001) liveweight gain prior to farrowing but increased (P < 0.001) liveweight loss during lactation. The majority of the extra maternal energy intake during mid to late gestation was deposited as maternal gain. These linear weight responses during lactation were explained by the significant inverse relationship between voluntary daily feed intake in lactation (FI) and average daily digestible energy intake in the previous gestation (DE): Neither increasing the feeding level during mid to late gestation nor increasing the protein content of the diet had any significant effect on litter birth weight, average piglet birth weight, or the standard deviation of individual piglet birth weight within the litter. In addition, there were no significant effects of gestation feeding treatments on litter size weaned or weaning weight. Furthermore, neither increasing the feeding level during mid to late gestation nor increasing the protein content of the gestation diet had any significant effect on subsequent fertility or litter size. In conclusion, when average individual piglet birth weight is already well in excess of 1.5 kg, there is no significant response to feed intake levels between 2.2 and 3.8 kg/day when offered between Day 66 and Day 101 of gestation.

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