scholarly journals Greater Number of Microglia in Telencephalic Proliferative Zones of Human and Non-Human Primate Compared to Other Vertebrate Species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Penna ◽  
Christopher L Cunningham ◽  
Stephanie Saylor ◽  
Anna Kreutz ◽  
Alice F Tarantal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Neural Precursor Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Cortical Neurogenesis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Intrinsic Component ◽  
Human Primate

Abstract Microglial cells, the innate immune cells of the brain, are derived from yolk sac precursor cells, begin to colonize the telencephalon at the onset of cortical neurogenesis, and occupy specific layers including the telencephalic proliferative zones. Microglia are an intrinsic component of cortical germinal zones, establish extensive contacts with neural precursor cells (NPCs) and developing cortical vessels, and regulate the size of the NPC pool through mechanisms that include phagocytosis. Microglia exhibit notable differences in number and distribution in the prenatal neocortex between rat and Old World nonhuman primate telencephalon, suggesting that microglia exhibit distinct properties across vertebrate species. To begin addressing this subject we quantified the number of microglia and NPCs in proliferative zones of the fetal human, rhesus monkey, ferret, and rat, and the pre-hatch chick and turtle telencephalon. We show that the ratio of NPCs to microglia varies significantly across species. Few microglia populate the pre-hatch chick telencephalon, but the number of microglia approaches that of NPCs in fetal human and non-human primate telencephalon. These data demonstrate that microglia are in a position to perform similar functions in a number of vertebrate species, but more heavily colonize proliferative zones of fetal human and rhesus monkey telencephalon.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanism of Systemic Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells to the Brain: Assembly of Brain Endothelial Apical Cups and Control of Transmigration by CD44

Stem Cells ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1673-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Rampon ◽  
Nicolas Weiss ◽  
Cyrille Deboux ◽  
Nathalie Chaverot ◽  
Florence Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Neural Precursor Cells ◽  
Neural Precursor ◽  
Systemic Delivery ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals IMMU-39. RNA LOADED LIPID-NANOPARTICLES FUNCTION AS CUSTOMIZABLE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC VEHICLES AGAINST MALIGNANT GLIOMAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi127-vi127
Author(s):  
Adam Grippin ◽  
Brandon Wummer ◽  
Hector Mendez-Gomez ◽  
Brian Stover ◽  
Jianping Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
T Cell Immunity ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Immunity ◽  
The Brain

Abstract BACKGROUND While dendritic cell (DC) vaccine therapy has shown considerable promise for glioblastoma (GBM) patients (Mitchell et al. Nature, 2015), their advancement into human clinical trials has been fraught with challenges in the development, manufacturing, and marketing of successful cancer immunotherapies. To circumvent the challenges associated with cell therapy, we have developed a new platform technology consisting of tumor derived mRNA complexed into lipid-nanoparticles (RNA-NPs) for systemic delivery to DCs in vivo and induction of antigen specific T cell immunity against GBM. OBJECTIVES/ METHODS We sought to assess if surface and charge modifications to our custom lipid-NP could facilitate its localization to lymphoid organs and the brain tumor microenvironment. RESULTS We demonstrate that intravenous administration of our unmodified custom RNA-NPs mediate systemic activation of DCs; these include activation of CD11c+ cells in the brains of animals with intact blood brain-barriers (BBBs). RNA-NPs mediate antigen specific T cell immunity and anti-tumor efficacy with increased tumor infiltrating lymphocytes against a NF-1/p53 mutant glioma that recapitulates features of human GBM in immunocompetent mice. Modification of surface charge could direct these RNA-NPs to lymphoid organs (e.g. spleen, lymph nodes) while modification of the lipid backbone (with cholesterol) enhances localization to innate immune cells in NF-1/p53 mutant and GL261 gliomas. We therefore assessed if this customizable lipid-NP could be leveraged for delivery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) (i.e. PD-L1 siRNA) to the brain tumor microenvironment. Compared with scrambled siRNA-NPs in combination with ICIs, surface modified siRNA-NPs (antagonizing PD-L1) in combination with ICIs mediated significant antitumor efficacy with 37% long term survivors in an otherwise fatal brain tumor model. CONCLUSION We designed multifunctional RNA-NPs with a simple, scalable synthesis method that enables delivery of nucleic acids to innate immune cells in lymphoid organs and brain tumors.

scholarly journals BDNF Increases Survival and Neuronal Differentiation of Human Neural Precursor Cells Cotransplanted with a Nanofiber Gel to the Auditory Nerve in a Rat Model of Neuronal Damage

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Jiao ◽  
Björn Palmgren ◽  
Ekaterina Novozhilova ◽  
Ulrica Englund Johansson ◽  
Anne L. Spieles-Engemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Differentiation ◽  
Auditory Nerve ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Round Window ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Neural Precursor Cells ◽  
Neural Precursor ◽  
Phenotypic Differentiation ◽  
Round Window Niche ◽  
The Brain

Objectives. To study possible nerve regeneration of a damaged auditory nerve by the use of stem cell transplantation.Methods. We transplanted HNPCs to the rat AN trunk by the internal auditory meatus (IAM). Furthermore, we studied if addition of BDNF affects survival and phenotypic differentiation of the grafted HNPCs. A bioactive nanofiber gel (PA gel), in selected groups mixed with BDNF, was applied close to the implanted cells. Before transplantation, all rats had been deafened by a round window niche application ofβ-bungarotoxin. This neurotoxin causes a selective toxic destruction of the AN while keeping the hair cells intact.Results. Overall, HNPCs survived well for up to six weeks in all groups. However, transplants receiving the BDNF-containing PA gel demonstrated significantly higher numbers of HNPCs and neuronal differentiation. At six weeks, a majority of the HNPCs had migrated into the brain stem and differentiated. Differentiated human cells as well as neurites were observed in the vicinity of the cochlear nucleus.Conclusion. Our results indicate that human neural precursor cells (HNPC) integration with host tissue benefits from additional brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) treatment and that these cells appear to be good candidates for further regenerative studies on the auditory nerve (AN).

Targeted deletion of RIC8A in mouse neural precursor cells interferes with the development of the brain, eyes, and muscles

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-390
Author(s):  
Keiu Kask ◽  
Laura Tikker ◽  
Katrin Ruisu ◽  
Sirje Lulla ◽  
Eva-Maria Oja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Neural Precursor Cells ◽  
Neural Precursor ◽  
Targeted Deletion ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals TGFβ signaling in the brain increases with aging and signals to astrocytes and innate immune cells in the weeks after stroke

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian P Doyle ◽  
Egle Cekanaviciute ◽  
Lauren E Mamer ◽  
Marion S Buckwalter
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Tgfβ Signaling ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Perinatal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide causes dysregulation of dynorphins and an increase of neural precursor cells in the brain of adult male rats

Toxicology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 152922
Author(s):  
Daiane Cattani ◽  
Nona Struyf ◽  
Vivien Steffensen ◽  
Jonas Bergquist ◽  
Ariane Zamoner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Neural Precursor Cells ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Neural Precursor ◽  
Perinatal Exposure ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals The Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Genes Hesr1/Hey1 and Hesr2/Hey2 Regulate Maintenance of Neural Precursor Cells in the Brain

2003 ◽  
Vol 278 (45) ◽  
pp. 44808-44815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masami Sakamoto ◽  
Hiromi Hirata ◽  
Toshiyuki Ohtsuka ◽  
Yasumasa Bessho ◽  
Ryoichiro Kageyama
Keyword(s):  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Neural Precursor Cells ◽  
Neural Precursor ◽  
Basic Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals The orphan nuclear receptor TLX: an emerging master regulator of cross-talk between microglia and neural precursor cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Lucassen ◽  
Anne-Marie van Dam ◽  
Prasanna Kandel ◽  
Pascal Bielefeld ◽  
Aniko Korosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Receptor ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Neural Precursor Cells ◽  
Neural Precursor ◽  
Orphan Nuclear Receptor ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Adult Hippocampus ◽  
Intensive Investigation ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Neuroinflammation and neurogenesis have both been the subject of intensive investigation over the past 20 years. The sheer complexity of their regulation and their ubiquity in various states of health and disease have sometimes obscured the progress that has been made in unraveling their mechanisms and regulation. A recent study by Kozareva et al. (Neuronal Signaling (2019) 3), provides evidence that the orphan nuclear receptor TLX is central to communication between microglia and neural precursor cells and could help us understand how inflammation, mediated by microglia, influences the development of new neurons in the adult hippocampus. Here, we put recent studies on TLX into the context of what is known about adult neurogenesis and microglial activation in the brain, along with the many hints that these processes must be inter-related.

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