scholarly journals Foliar Fertilization During Bud Initiation Improves Container-Grown Ponderosa Pine Seedling Viability

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Montville ◽  
David L. Wenny ◽  
R. Kasten Dumroese
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Root Growth Potential ◽  
Foliar Fertilization ◽  
Foliar Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Bud Initiation

Abstract Our objective was to determine if avoiding nutrient stress during bud initiation of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa vat. ponderosa) grown in a container nursery would enhance seedling viability. Nitrogen stress was avoided by applying foliar fertilizer at rates between 324 and 972 ppm N to greenhouse-grown seedlings. Foliar fertilization maintained higher seedling nitrogen levels and increased root collar diameter by 45%. Height was slightly increased, cold-hardiness slightly reduced, and root growth potential unaffected by foliar fertilizer applications. Nursery managers can improve seedling viability by adding foliar fertilizer applications to their growing regimes. West. J. Appl. For. 11(4):114-119.

Chemical Root Pruning Improves the Root System Morphology of Containerized Seedlings

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Wenny ◽  
Richard L. Woollen
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Root Growth Potential ◽  
Latex Paint ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Interior Walls

Abstract Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa), and western white pine (Pinus monticola) where chemically root pruned with cupric carbonate (CuCO3) during greenhouse production. The interior walls of Styroblock 4A® and Ray Leach® pine cell containers (each 66 cm³) were coated with latex paint containing CuCO3 at concentrations of 0, 30, 100, or 300 g/l. Seedlings were potted after one growing season, initiating a standard root growth potential test (Duryea 1984). The number and length of new roots more than 1 cm in length were measured. Seedling root systems increased in total root number and length, especially in the upper segments of the root plug, as a result of chemical root pruning. Seedling height and caliper were unaffected by the cupric carbonate treatments during the production phase, and a latex paint carrier did not decrease seedling growth. West. J. Appl. For. 4(1):15-17, January 1989.

Physiological indicators of tolerance to cold storage in Sitka spruce and Douglas-fir seedlings

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 890-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. McKay ◽  
W. L. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Root Growth Potential ◽  
Plant Vigour

Two-year-old transplants and undercuts of Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco were cold-stored (1 °C) for 1 to 7 months ending in April 1989. Their physiological arid morphological condition at lifting and after storage was assessed and related to survival and height increment on a reafforestation site after one growing season. Physiological assessments made between October and April at lifting were root growth potential, tolerance of fine roots to chronic cold, shoot and root mitotic index, root elongation, and electrolyte leakage from the shoot and roots. Shoot cold hardiness was assessed between October and mid-December. The seasonal changes in these parameters and the effect of species and undercutting treatments are described. At lifting, root growth potential identified (i) differences due to species and undercutting treatments and (ii) the earliest possible safe lifting dates of P. menziesii but not of P. sitchensis. After cold storage, plant vigour was assessed by root growth potential and shoot and root membrane integrity. Membrane integrity of the fine roots was a very good indicator of survival. There was a highly significant, negative correlation between the rate of electrolyte leakage, indicating membrane damage, and survival (p ≤ 0.001, r = −0.90).

Relationships among cold hardiness, root growth potential and bud dormancy in three conifers

1989 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Burr ◽  
R. W. Tinus ◽  
S. J. Wallner ◽  
R. M. King
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Root Growth Potential

scholarly journals Heat Tolerance, Cold Hardiness, and Bud Dormancy Relationships in Seedlings of Selected Conifers

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Burr ◽  
Stephen J. Wallner ◽  
Richard W. Tinus
Keyword(s):  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Spruce Needles

Greenhouse-cultured, container-grown seedlings of interior Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) France], Engelmann spruce [Picea engelmannii (Parry) Engelm.], and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.) were acclimated and deacclimated to cold in growth chambers over 19 weeks. Heat tolerance and cold hardiness of needles, and bud dormancy, were measured weekly. Heat tolerance of Douglas fir and Engelmann spruce needles increased with development through the first complete annual cycle: new needles on actively growing plants; mature needles, not cold-hardy, on dormant plants; cold-hardy needles on dormant and quiescent plants; and mature, needles, not cold-hardy, on actively growing plants. Heat tolerance of ponderosa pine needles differed in two respects. New needles had an intermediate tolerance level to heat, and fully cold-hardy needles were the least tolerant. Thus, the physiological changes that conferred cold hardiness were not associated with greater heat tolerance in all the conifers tested. In none of these species did the timing of changes in heat tolerance coincide consistently with changes in cold hardiness or bud dormancy.

Influence of nursery culture on growth, cold hardiness, and drought resistance of yellow cypress

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 2537-2547 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.T. Arnott ◽  
S.C. Grossnickle ◽  
P. Puttonen ◽  
A.K. Mitchell ◽  
R.S. Folk
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Root Growth Potential ◽  
Short Day

The influence of short-day (9 h) and long-day photoperiods (18 h), and three levels of plant moisture stress (none and dried to predawn shoot water potentials of −1.0 or −1.8 MPa), applied for 7 weeks beginning in mid-July 1990, were studied on greenhouse-grown stecklings (rooted cuttings) of yellow cypress (Chamaecyparisnootkatensis (D. Don) Spach). A series of morphological and physiological measurements were made on the stecklings during and after the treatment period. Moisture stress significantly reduced steckling shoot growth and shoot dry weight by lowering net photosynthesis rates, while short-day photoperiods did not. The most pronounced growth reductions occurred when the treatments were combined, but effects were short-lived, with shoot growth resuming soon after the treatments ended. The short-day and moisture-stress treatment had no significant effect on root dry weight, shoot/root ratio, or water balance ratio. The risk of using moisture stress to control shoot growth in the nursery was low; mortality did not occur until the stecklings had been without water for at least 9 days. Moisture-stress treatments increased steckling root growth potential but had little effect on osmotic adjustment, cell elasticity, dry weight or symplastic fractions, cuticular transpiration, resistance to plant water movement, and relative water content of the shoots; short-day treatments had no influence on any of these parameters. Short days and moisture stress, singly or combined, had little effect on steckling cold hardiness. Steckling gas exchange rates were reduced significantly by low root temperature. In a 6-week controlled-environment simulation of planting-site moisture conditions, no significant differences in steckling net photosynthesis, transpiration, or stomatal conductance were found among nursery treatments; those that had been subjected to moisture stress in the nursery had small growth increases after planting in both wet and dry soil moisture regimes. We conclude that shoot growth of yellow cypress stecklings was controlled in the nursery using 9-h photoperiods and −1.8 MPa predawn shoot water potentials. Improved cold hardiness of the stecklings was not achieved using these nursery cultural methods, but moisture stress did confer some measure of drought resistance immediately after treatment, with higher root growth potential and lower shoot mass.

Role of selection versus historical isolation in racial differentiation of ponderosa pine in southern Oregon: an investigation of alternative hypotheses

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1127-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank C Sorensen ◽  
Nancy L Mandel ◽  
Jan E Aagaard
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Highly Correlated

Continuous populations identified as Pacific and North Plateau races of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. Laws. ex C. Laws.) are parapatric along the crest of the Cascade Range in southern Oregon. A 3-year common-garden study of bud phenology and seedling vigor was performed to estimate the nature and magnitude of differentiation between races, to characterize the transition zone between them, and to relate responses between and within races to topography and climate. Principal component (PC) analyses identified two significant character complexes, PC-1 (phenological traits) and PC-2 (size traits), that explained 73% of the geographic race-related variation. The races were differentiated in two regards. First, PC-1 scores, which were highly correlated with frost-free season and summer-winter temperature differential, displayed a sharp discontinuity in the transition zone. Second, PC-2 scores were significantly correlated with physiographic and climatic variables in the North Plateau but not in the Pacific race, even though these variables had greater ranges in the latter. The data supported a narrow, adaptive transition between races for a complex of traits probably related to cold hardiness, and provided evidence that plant vigor traits were more closely adapted to environments in the North Plateau than in the Pacific region, possibly as a consequence of past climatic-stress selection in the former and competitive-stress selection in the latter.

Long-Term Response of Planted Ponderosa Pine to Thinning in Oregon's Blue Mountains

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Cochran ◽  
James W. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Stand Density Index ◽  
John Day

Abstract A spacing study in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) was established in 1959 by thinning plots in a 33-yr-old plantation near John Day, Oregon. The influence of 4 spacings (17.2, 12.5, 10.1, and 8.7 ft) on stand and tree growth for a 31-yr period was examined. Study plots were remeasured five times after establishment. Periodic annual increments (PAI) of gross basal area, gross volume, and average height differed with period but not with spacing (P ≤ 0.10). The PAIs of mean diameter differed with period and decreased with increasing density. Annual height growth and annual gross and net growth of basal area and volume did not differ with spacing. Annual diameter growth was much greater for trees at the widest spacing. Annual volume growth of the largest 90 trees/ac was greatest at the widest spacing. Thirty-one years after thinning, the largest 90 trees/ac on the widest spacing had 73% of the volume of all the trees on the narrowest spacing. Mortality due to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) increased markedly when values for stand density index exceeded 200. Wide spacings increased average tree volumes, increased mean diameters, and reduced the probability of mortality without sacrificing gross cubic volume growth potential. West. J. Appl. For. 8(4):126-132.

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