Role of selection versus historical isolation in racial differentiation of ponderosa pine in southern Oregon: an investigation of alternative hypotheses

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1127-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank C Sorensen ◽  
Nancy L Mandel ◽  
Jan E Aagaard
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Highly Correlated

Continuous populations identified as Pacific and North Plateau races of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. Laws. ex C. Laws.) are parapatric along the crest of the Cascade Range in southern Oregon. A 3-year common-garden study of bud phenology and seedling vigor was performed to estimate the nature and magnitude of differentiation between races, to characterize the transition zone between them, and to relate responses between and within races to topography and climate. Principal component (PC) analyses identified two significant character complexes, PC-1 (phenological traits) and PC-2 (size traits), that explained 73% of the geographic race-related variation. The races were differentiated in two regards. First, PC-1 scores, which were highly correlated with frost-free season and summer-winter temperature differential, displayed a sharp discontinuity in the transition zone. Second, PC-2 scores were significantly correlated with physiographic and climatic variables in the North Plateau but not in the Pacific race, even though these variables had greater ranges in the latter. The data supported a narrow, adaptive transition between races for a complex of traits probably related to cold hardiness, and provided evidence that plant vigor traits were more closely adapted to environments in the North Plateau than in the Pacific region, possibly as a consequence of past climatic-stress selection in the former and competitive-stress selection in the latter.

scholarly journals Provenance Geographical and Climatic Characteristics Influence Budburst Phenology of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Seedlings

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1067
Author(s):  
Aalap Dixit ◽  
Thomas Kolb ◽  
Owen Burney
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Provenance Variation ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Budburst Phenology

Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm.) forests of the southwestern US are threatened by climate change and deforestation. Information about geographic patterns of provenance variation in budburst phenology is needed to make decisions about selecting seed sources for future planting. In this study, provenance variation in the budburst phenology of ponderosa pine seedlings was examined using common garden studies. Seedlings from 21 provenances, representing an elevational gradient in Arizona and New Mexico, were planted in July 2018 at a ponderosa pine-dominated field site in northern Arizona. Field budburst was monitored weekly on all seedlings in the spring of 2019. Field budburst was compared with budburst timing of the same provenances measured under greenhouse conditions. The hypotheses for this study were that (1) budburst varies among provenances, with earlier budburst in low-elevation provenances, and (2) differences in budburst timing among provenances are consistent for seedlings grown in greenhouse and field environments. Field results show that provenances vary in budburst date and that low- and middle-elevation provenances break bud sooner than high-elevation provenances. Field budburst date had a moderate, positive correlation with provenance mean annual precipitation (r = 0.522) and a moderate, negative trend with latitude (r = −0.413). Budburst date of provenances in the greenhouse had a moderate, positive trend with budburst date in the field (r = 0.554), suggesting application of greenhouse results to field plantings. Such information about provenance variation and environmental and geographic trends in budburst timing will be useful for developing species-specific seed transfer guidelines and effective assisted migration strategies in a changing climate.

Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Niebling ◽  
M. Thompson Conkle
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific

Washoe pine (Pinuswashoensis Mason and Stockwell), a narrow endemic native to mountains on the western rim of the Great Basin in northeastern California and northwestern Nevada, may be on the verge of extinction. Lowered genetic diversity and increased interpopulation differentiation are expected evolutionary consequences for small, isolated populations like those of Washoe pine. But the species has levels of allozyme variation (estimated average heterozygosity for 26 loci equals 0.148) similar to those for widespread geographic races of ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.), which are likely to be its closest extant relatives. Heterozygosity in ponderosa pine was 0.144 in the Pacific race, 0.178 in the North Plateau race, and 0.164 in the Rocky Mountain race. Electrophoretic analysis of trees in the three well-documented populations of Washoe pine revealed only minor and nonsignificant population to population differentiation (98.4% of allozyme variation was among samples within populations). Pair-wise genetic distances between the Washoe populations and the three northern races of ponderosa pine indicated that its closest similarity was with the North Plateau race (Nei's unbiased genetic distance averaged 0.004); the next closest similarity was with samples of the Pacific race (genetic distance 0.013). Washoe pine and the Pacific and North Plateau races of ponderosa pine were all strongly differentiated from the Rocky Mountain race of ponderosa pine (genetic distances were 0.066, 0.082, and 0.060, respectively. The few remaining populations of Washoe pine may be a potentially valuable gene source for the yellow pines of North America.

scholarly journals Geographical Influences on Morphological Variation in Rubus ursinus Subsp. macropetalus

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 609b-609
Author(s):  
Angela K. Anderson ◽  
Chad E. Finn
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Traits ◽  
Principal Component Analyses ◽  
Autumn Leaf

Morphological variation was examined in 20 populations of Rubus ursinus subsp. macropetalus from British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon grown in a common garden. There was significant variability between and within populations for most traits studied. Principal component analyses separated populations along geographical clines for traits of horticultural significance. PC1 represented a general vigor component in all trials, and formed a negative correlation with elevation in four of five analyses (r = 0.60, 0.58, 0.50, 0.49; P < 0.05). Autumn leaf senescence tended to increase from west to east and with elevation. With higher elevation, there was a tendency for fruit weight to decrease, for later vegetative budbreak and fruit ripening, and for a shorter budbreak to first flower interval. From north to south, budbreak became somewhat earlier, cane spot susceptibility decreased, and budbreak to first flower interval increased. Characterization of this species will assist breeders to identify possible sources of cold hardiness, disease resistance, improved vigor, and acceptable fruit traits for the improvement of cultivated trailing blackberry.

scholarly journals Foliar Fertilization During Bud Initiation Improves Container-Grown Ponderosa Pine Seedling Viability

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Montville ◽  
David L. Wenny ◽  
R. Kasten Dumroese
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Root Growth Potential ◽  
Foliar Fertilization ◽  
Foliar Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Bud Initiation

Abstract Our objective was to determine if avoiding nutrient stress during bud initiation of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa vat. ponderosa) grown in a container nursery would enhance seedling viability. Nitrogen stress was avoided by applying foliar fertilizer at rates between 324 and 972 ppm N to greenhouse-grown seedlings. Foliar fertilization maintained higher seedling nitrogen levels and increased root collar diameter by 45%. Height was slightly increased, cold-hardiness slightly reduced, and root growth potential unaffected by foliar fertilizer applications. Nursery managers can improve seedling viability by adding foliar fertilizer applications to their growing regimes. West. J. Appl. For. 11(4):114-119.

scholarly journals WAVE CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND RELATED CLIMATE INDICES

2018 ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhito Mori ◽  
Risako Kishimoto ◽  
Tomoya Shimura
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Wave Hindcast ◽  
The North ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation

Climate change is highly expected to give significant impact on coastal hazards and environment. The future projections of wave climate under global warming scenarios have been carried out and shows changes in wave heights depending on the regions (e.g., Hemer et al., 2013). Beside the long-term trends of wave climate, annual to decadal changes are also important to understand variability. For example, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is highly correlated to monthly mean wave height along the western European coast. However, variability of wave climate is not well understood over the globe, quantitatively. Additionally, the standard coastal engineers regard stationary process for wave environment for solving coastal problems. This study analyzes global wave climate variability for the last half century based on principal component analysis of atmospheric forcing (sea surface winds U10 and sea level pressure P) and wave hindcast.

scholarly journals Heat Tolerance, Cold Hardiness, and Bud Dormancy Relationships in Seedlings of Selected Conifers

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Burr ◽  
Stephen J. Wallner ◽  
Richard W. Tinus
Keyword(s):  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Spruce Needles

Greenhouse-cultured, container-grown seedlings of interior Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) France], Engelmann spruce [Picea engelmannii (Parry) Engelm.], and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.) were acclimated and deacclimated to cold in growth chambers over 19 weeks. Heat tolerance and cold hardiness of needles, and bud dormancy, were measured weekly. Heat tolerance of Douglas fir and Engelmann spruce needles increased with development through the first complete annual cycle: new needles on actively growing plants; mature needles, not cold-hardy, on dormant plants; cold-hardy needles on dormant and quiescent plants; and mature, needles, not cold-hardy, on actively growing plants. Heat tolerance of ponderosa pine needles differed in two respects. New needles had an intermediate tolerance level to heat, and fully cold-hardy needles were the least tolerant. Thus, the physiological changes that conferred cold hardiness were not associated with greater heat tolerance in all the conifers tested. In none of these species did the timing of changes in heat tolerance coincide consistently with changes in cold hardiness or bud dormancy.

scholarly journals A Trial of Plug Transplant Seedling Production in the Southwest

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Tinus
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Seedling Production ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Southwestern Area ◽  
Outdoor Nursery

Abstract Plug transplants were developed in the Pacific Northwest as a way to accelerate nursery production and increase root system fibrousness of barefoot seedlings, and the practice has been spreading to other areas. This paper describes a trial of its use in a do: Southwestern area. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.) seed was sown in February in small containers, transplanted to outdoor nursery beds at Albuquerque NM in May, lifted the following February, and outplanted as plug+1 stock in April. Survival was as good (76 and 71%) and growth better (232 vs. 209 mm) than standard 2+0 stock after 3 yr. A similar regime for Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii (Parry) Engelm.) produced seedlings that survived and grew well (survival 86 and 94%, height growth 54 and 56 mm for plug+2 and standard stock, respectively), but they required 2 yr in the nursery bed (plug+2) to reach adequate size for transplanting, which negated the advantage of reduced production time. West. J. Appl. For. 11(3):81-84.

scholarly journals Use of shell-shape to discriminate betweenBrachidontes rodrigueziiandBrachidontes purpuratusspecies (Mytilidae) in the transition zone of their distributions (south-western Atlantic)

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvina Van der Molen ◽  
Federico Márquez ◽  
Yanina L Idaszkin ◽  
Mariana Adami
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Rocky Shore ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Shell Shape ◽  
The South ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
The World

Mussels are important components of rocky shore assemblages throughout the world. Several mytilid species are found as multilayered beds in the intertidal along the coasts of the south-western Atlantic. However, in contrast to the north communities in the Pacific and Atlantic, those of the south-western Atlantic are dominated by species of small size, locally named mejillines. These mid-intertidal beds attached to consolidated substrates are dominated by virtual monocultures of two small-sized species ofBrachidontes: B. rodriguezii(d'Orbigny, 1842) andB. (Perumytilus) purpuratusLamarck, 1819, respectively distributed in the warm and cold temperate sectors of the south-western Atlantic; both coexisting in the transition zone between 40° and 44°S latitude. Nevertheless, there has been some confusion about the separation ofB. rodrigueziiandB. purpuratus, as well as about the boundaries of their distribution ranges in the south-western Atlantic. Here, on the basis of a morphogeometric analysis of shell morphology, we describe a feasible way for the identification of both species.

Effect of Physiological Status and Growth of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Greenleaf Manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula) on Herbicide Selectivity

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra M. Paley ◽  
Steven R. Radosevich
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
High Water ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Arctostaphylos Patula ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Correlations between herbicide damage and several physiological factors were examined in the field for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosaDougl. ex P&C Lawson) and greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patulaGreene). Pine injury caused by 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine], or triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid]} was compared to leader growth rate, needle growth rate, predawn xylem potential, daytime xylem potential, and photo synthetic rate occurring on the dates of herbicide application. Shrub injury for each of the three herbicides was compared to predawn xylem potential, daytime xylem potential, and photo synthetic rates. Both species exhibited less injury from herbicide applications made at the end of September than from any applications made from April through October. Comparison of factors highly correlated to herbicide damage indicates that highest herbicide selectivity occurs when pine has ceased growing, the xylem potential of the pine is relatively low (high water stress), and the xylem potential of the manzanita is relatively high.

scholarly journals Disassociation of the Kuroshio Current with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Since 1999

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chau-Ron Wu ◽  
You-Lin Wang ◽  
Shenn-Yu Chao
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Decadal Oscillation ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Kuroshio Current ◽  
The East China Sea ◽  
Geostrophic Velocity ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Kuroshio ◽  
The North Pacific

Variability of the Kuroshio Current along the margin of the East China Sea was examined using principal component analysis of 21-year (1993–2013) multi-satellite geostrophic velocity data. Its seasonal zonal migration agrees with previous observations and model simulations. Beyond seasonal time scales, the influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the Kuroshio decreased considerably since 1999. Wind patterns over the North Pacific varied primarily in the meridional direction before 1999, but exhibited strong zonal variation thereafter. Post-1998 climate variability was particularly evident over the central and eastern Pacific. The strong association between PDO and Kuroshio variability also deteriorated after that time.

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