scholarly journals The phylogenetic relationships of neosuchian crocodiles and their implications for the convergent evolution of the longirostrine condition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian S Groh ◽  
Paul Upchurch ◽  
Paul M Barrett ◽  
Julia J Day
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Continuous Data ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

Abstract Since their origin in the Late Triassic, crocodylomorphs have had a long history of evolutionary change. Numerous studies examined their phylogeny, but none have attempted to unify their morphological characters into a single, combined dataset. Following a comprehensive review of published character sets, we present a new dataset for the crocodylomorph clade Neosuchia consisting of 569 morphological characters for 112 taxa. For the first time in crocodylian phylogenetic studies, quantitative variation was treated as continuous data (82 characters). To provide the best estimate of neosuchian relationships, and to investigate the origins of longirostry, these data were analysed using a variety of approaches. Our results show that equally weighted parsimony and Bayesian methods cluster unrelated longirostrine forms together, producing a topology that conflicts strongly with their stratigraphic distributions. By contrast, applying extended implied weighting improves stratigraphic congruence and removes longirostrine clustering. The resulting topologies resolve the major neosuchian clades, confirming several recent hypotheses regarding the phylogenetic placements of particular species (e.g. Baryphracta deponiae as a member of Diplocynodontinae) and groups (e.g. Tethysuchia as non-eusuchian neosuchians). The longirostrine condition arose at least three times independently by modification of the maxilla and premaxilla, accompanied by skull roof changes unique to each longirostrine clade.

scholarly journals Synanthedon mesiaeformis (Herrich-Schäffer) new to the Czech Republic and to Spain (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Laštůvka ◽  
Aleš Laštůvka
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Habitat Requirements ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Southern France ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Town

Synanthedon mesiaeformis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1846) has been found in the Czech Republic and in Spain for the first time. The species was found in the south-easternmost part of the Czech Republic, near the town of Břeclav (faunistic quadrat 7267) in May 2008. The holes and pupae were found only in one, solitary growing group of trees about 20 years old. This finding place lies at a distance of more than 250 km from the localities in SW Hungary and about 550 km from the localities in eastern Poland. In June 2008, the species was found also in alders growing in the flat river alluvium on gravel sands between La Jonquera and Figueres in northern Catalonia. This locality is in a close contact with the fin­ding places near Perpignan and Beziers in southern France. The diagnostic morphological characters and bionomics of this species are briefly summarized and figured. The history of its distribution research is recapitulated and the causes of its disjunct range are discussed as follows. The present disjunct range represents a residual of the former distribution over the warmer and moister postglacial period; landscape modifications and elimination of solitary alder trees as „weeds“ from the 18th up to the mid-20th century in large areas of Europe; narrow and partly unknown habitat requirements and specific population ethology; an insufficient level of faunistic investigations in several parts of sou­thern and eastern Europe.

scholarly journals Diversity of tree frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Lai Chau Province, Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anh Van Pham
Keyword(s):  
Additional Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Red Data Book ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Data Book ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
First Time

We report 13 species of treefrogs belonging to six genera of the family Rhacophoridae from Lai Chau Province on the basis of new amphibian collection from Sin Ho District. Four of them, Kurixalus bisacculus, Polypedates mutus, Rhacophorus kio, and Theloderma bicolor are recorded for the first time from this province. We also provide additional data of morphological characters and  natural history of the afore mentioned species. Among 13 recorded species of rhacophorids from Lai Chau Province, two species is listed in the IUCN Red List (2018) and two are listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam (2007).

Systematics of Senecio section Crociseris (Compositae, Senecioneae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 211 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOEL CALVO ◽  
INÉS ÁLVAREZ ◽  
CARLOS AEDO
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
History Of ◽  
Perennial Herbs ◽  
First Time ◽  
Northwestern Africa ◽  
Shape And Size

The complexity of the evolutionary history of Senecio is reflected in its conflicted taxonomy. Within this genus, Senecio section Crociseris (Compositae, Senecioneae), a group of perennial herbs distributed in Europe, western and Central Asia, and northwestern Africa, was not fully revised. A worldwide revision of this section recognizing 28 species and eight subspecies is presented here. The main morphological characters revealed as useful for distinguishing between species are the number and shape of supplementary and involucral bracts, synflorescence architecture, indumentum, and the shape and size of leaves and achenes. In this new taxonomic treatment S. provincialis and S. lagascanus have been segregated from S. doronicum, within which three subspecies are recognized (S. doronicum subsp. orientalis is validly published herein). On the other hand, S. ruthenensis from France and S. lusitanicus from Portugal have been synonymized to S. lagascanus, as well as S. ovatifolius, S. pisidicus, and S. tmoleus from Anatolia to S. kolenatianus, S. olympicus, and S. castagneanus respectively, S. bertramii from Lebanon to S. cilicius, and S. delbesianus from Syria to S. racemosus subsp. racemosus. Sixty eight names are lectotypified, the names S. barrelieri, S. pyrenaicus, and S. scopolii are neotypified, and one epitype is designated for the name S. perralderianus. Descriptions and distribution maps are provided for all the species included, as well as an identification key. Nine species are illustrated for the first time.

Phylogenetic relationships of Ibervillea and Tumamoca (Coniandreae, Cucurbitaceae), two genera of the dry lands of North America

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Rafael Lira ◽  
Victoria Sosa ◽  
Talitha Legaspi ◽  
Patricia Dávila
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Total Evidence ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Priority Rule ◽  
Single Specimen ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

We examine the limits and phylogenetic relationships of Ibervillea and Tumamoca belonging to tribe Coniandreae in the Cucurbitaceae. These taxa are found in xeric areas from southern United States to Guatemala. There has been no previous phylogenetic studies considering all their taxa together, just partially. Furthermore, we include as well species of Dieterlea, another similar and sympatric genus which recognition is under debate, formerly considered as a synonym of Ibervillea. Using molecular and morphological characters we performed molecular and total evidence parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Our results confirm that species in Ibervillea and Dieterlea are part of a monophyletic group, supporting the integration of both genera as proposed in previous phylogenetic and taxonomic studies. By examining all the species of the three genera, our results are the first to suggest that Tumamoca is also part of this monophyletic group. Therefore we propose that the species of Ibervillea, Dieterlea, and one species of Tumamoca should be included into the same genus. According to the priority rule, Ibervillea is the name to be used. Tumamoca macdougalli needs to be transferred to Ibervillea and the combination is made here. We suggest that the second species in Tumamoca, T. mucronata, known by a single specimen that is lost, does not deserve recognition.

scholarly journals What does mitogenomics tell us about the evolutionary history of the Drosophila buzzatii cluster (repleta group)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás N. Moreyra ◽  
Julián Mensch ◽  
Juan Hurtado ◽  
Francisca Almeida ◽  
Cecilia Laprida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
South American ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Drosophila Buzzatii ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tree Topologies ◽  
American Clade

AbstractThe Drosophila repleta group is an array of more than 100 cactophilic species endemic to the “New World”. The acquisition of the ability to utilize decaying cactus tissues as breeding and feeding sites is a key aspect that allowed the successful diversification of the repleta group in the American deserts. Within this group, the Drosophila buzzatii cluster is a South American clade of seven cactophilic closely related species in different stages of divergence, a feature that makes it a valuable model system for evolutionary research. However, even though substantial effort has been devoted to elucidating the phylogenetic relationships among members of the D. buzzatii cluster, the issue is still controversial. In effect, molecular phylogenetic studies performed to date generated ambiguous results since tree topologies depend on the kind of molecular marker employed. Curiously, even though mitochondrial DNA has become a popular marker in evolutionary biology and population genetics, none of the more than twenty Drosophila mitogenomes assembled so far belongs to this cluster. In this work we report the assembly of six complete mitogenomes of five species: D. antonietae, D. borborema, D. buzzatii, D. seriema and two strains of D. koepferae, with the aim to revisit the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times by means of a mitogenomic approach. The recovered topology using complete mitogenomes gives support to the hypothesis of the monophyly of that the D. buzzatii cluster and shows two main clades, one including D. buzzatii and D. koepferae (both strains) and the other the remaining species. These results are in agreement with previous reports based on a few mitochondrial and/or nuclear genes but in conflict with the results of a recent large-scale nuclear phylogeny, suggesting that nuclear and mitochondrial genomes depict different evolutionary histories.

scholarly journals Revised phylogenetic analysis of the Aetosauria (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia); assessing the effects of incongruent morphological character sets

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Morphological Character ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Weak Support ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
High Species Diversity ◽  
First Time

Aetosauria is an early-diverging clade of pseudosuchians (crocodile-line archosaurs) that had a global distribution and high species diversity as a key component of various Late Triassic terrestrial faunas. It is one of only two Late Triassic clades of large herbivorous archosaurs, and thus served a critical ecological role. Nonetheless, aetosaur phylogenetic relationships are still poorly understood, owing to an overreliance on osteoderm characters, which are often poorly constructed and suspected to be highly homoplastic. A new phylogenetic analysis of the Aetosauria, comprising 27 taxa and 83 characters, includes more than 40 new characters that focus on better sampling the cranial and endoskeletal regions, and represents the most comprenhensive phylogeny of the clade to date. Parsimony analysis recovered three most parsimonious trees; the strict consensus of these trees finds an Aetosauria that is divided into two main clades: Desmatosuchia, which includes the Desmatosuchinae and the Stagonolepidinae, and Aetosaurinae, which includes the Typothoracinae. As defined Desmatosuchinae now containsNeoaetosauroides engaeusand several taxa that were previously referred to the genusStagonolepis, and a new clade, Desmatosuchini, is erected for taxa more closely related toDesmatosuchus. Overall support for some clades is still weak, and Partitioned Bremer Support (PBS) is applied for the first time to a strictly morphological dataset demonstrating that this weak support is in part because of conflict in the phylogenetic signals of cranial versus postcranial characters. PBS helps identify homoplasy among characters from various body regions, presumably the result of convergent evolution within discrete anatomical modules. It is likely that at least some of this character conflict results from different body regions evolving at different rates, which may have been under different selective pressures.

Revisited phylogeny of Bethylinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) solves basal polytomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-346
Author(s):  
Magno S. Ramos ◽  
Celso O. Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Strongly Convex ◽  
The Family ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Time

Bethylinae are a morphologically well-defined subfamily of Bethylidae, with remarkable characters, such as strongly convex clypeal carina and bifid and angled tarsal claws. However, there is no consensus about the phylogenetic relationships among the genera within the family, regarding mainly Eupsenella and Lytopsenella. To resolve this problem, a phylogeny of the Bethylinae is inferred based on parsimony analyses separately of 43 and 44 morphological characters for males and females, respectively. We performed combined analyses of both sexes with 49 morphological characters, including genitalia. We present a phylogenetic analysis, including a total 118 species of Bethylinae. Male and female characters were included in these analyses. We discuss wing morphology and deformability of forewings for the first time. In summary, the basal polytomy was solved for the first time. Seven of the eight genera were recovered as monophyletic groups. The unique exception is Goniozus, which was retrieved as paraphyletic in all topologies.

scholarly journals The tribe Scrophularieae (Scrophulariaceae): A Review of Phylogenetic Studies

Hacquetia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrshid Riahi ◽  
Farrokh Ghahremaninejad
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Hybrid Speciation ◽  
The North ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstructions ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Review Reports

Abstract Molecular data have been increasingly used to study the phylogenetic relationships among many taxa, including scrophs. Sometimes they have provided phylogenetic reconstructions that are in conflict with morphological data leading to a re-evaluation of long-standing evolutionary hypotheses. In this paper, we review reports of the recent knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships within Scrophularieae (2011–2017). The results of these analyses led to the following conclusions. (1) Species of Scrophularia have undergone one or more Miocene migration events occurred from eastern Asia to the North America with subsequent long dispersal and diversification in three main directions. (2) Allopolyploid and aneuploid hybrid speciation between Scrophularia species can occur, so hybridization and polyploidy have an important role for history of diversification. (3) The ancestral staminode type for the genus Scrophularia seems to be a large staminode. (4) Monophyly of the genus Verbascum with respect to the genus Scrophularia is strongly supported. (5) Oreosolen, is not monophyletic, because all accessions of Oreosolen were nested within Scrophularia. We discuss methods of data collection and analysis, and we describe the areas of conflict and agreement between molecular phylogenies.

Phylogeny Inferred From Allozymes in the Heterodoxus-Octoseriatus Group of Species (Phthiraptera, Boopiidae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Barker ◽  
DA Briscoe ◽  
RL Close
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Host Switching ◽  
Phenetic Analysis ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group A ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Allozyme Loci ◽  
Host Parasite

Phenetic and phylogenetic relationships in the Heterodoxus octoseriatus group of species were explored with data from 21 putative allozyme loci. The phenetic analyses and some of the cladistic analyses (maximum parsimony) were consistent with a phenetic analysis of morphological characters in that they indicated two main lines of evolution in the H. octoseriatus group. These culminated in two groups of species: (i) H. harrisoni, H. hughendensis, H. closei, H. maynesi, H. octoseriatus, H. lesouefi, H. briscoei and H. insulatus, and (ii) H. murrayi, H. insularis and H. orarius. The allozyme and morphological analyses, however, differed in the arrangement of species within the two main groups. Other cladistic analyses revealed the first group of lice, but not the second group. A hypothesis proposed for the evolution of the H. octoseriatus group involves widespread host-switching followed by the expansion of the geographic ranges of some lice at the expense of others. The evolution of host-parasite associations among rock-wallabies and lice from the H. octoseriatus group demonstrates how tangled the history of host-parasite associations may become.

The advertisement call of Chiasmocleis (Syncope) carvalhoi (Nelson, 1975) (Anura: Microhylidae), with taxonomic remarks based on new morphological observations of specimens from Peruvian Amazonia

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4869 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
OMAR ROJAS-PADILLA ◽  
GIUSSEPE GAGLIARDI-URRUTIA ◽  
PEDRO IVO SIMÕES ◽  
SANTIAGO CASTROVIEJO-FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Advertisement Call ◽  
Congeneric Species ◽  
Call Duration ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
History Of ◽  
Peruvian Amazonia ◽  
First Time ◽  
Morphological Diagnostics

We quantitatively describe for the first time the advertisement call of Chiasmocleis (Syncope) carvalhoi using recordings  of five specimens from northern Peruvian Amazonia. The advertisement call is characterized by a single, short, tonal, and high-pitched note. Call duration ranges between 0.03–0.06 s and its dominant frequency between 7.12–7.92 kHz. The lack of pulses within notes distinguishes C. (Syncope) carvalhoi from all congeneric species except C. (Syncope) antenori, C. (Syncope) parkeri and C. (Chiasmocleis) mantiqueira, which can be distinguished by the shorter duration of their notes and silent intervals (in C. (Syncope) antenori and C. (Syncope) parkeri) and by the lower dominant frequency (in C. (Syncope) parkeri and C. (Chiasmocleis) mantiqueira). In addition, based on our collected specimens, we report on and discuss about the variation of some external morphological characters and natural history of C. (Syncope) carvalhoi, including the absence of vocal slits and sacs. Our study reveals a potential association between the absence of vocal slits and sacs, and tonal calls in Chiasmocleis, as well as conflicting morphological diagnostics characters in the literature. 

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