Variability in arabinoxylan, xylanase activity, and xylanase inhibitor levels in hard spring wheat

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is widely recognized as the cause of substantial yield and quality reduction in crops. Most of the previous studies focused on the exposure of wheat cultivars to elevated O3 levels. Our main objectives were to: (i) investigate the consistency of wheat cultivars’ physiological responses across two different realistic O3 levels; and (ii) compare these physiological responses with those under short acute O3 exposure. Three commercially available hard spring wheat cultivars bred under semiarid and Eastern Mediterranean conditions were exposed to two different O3 levels during two consecutive seasons (2016–2018)—36 and 71 ppbv 7 h mean O3 mixing ratios in open-top chambers. The results were compared to those following short acute O3 exposure (102.8 ppbv, 7 h mean for 10 days) in a greenhouse. Non-stomatal responses were significantly more pronounced than stomatal responses in all cultivars under different levels of O3. The specific cultivar was observed as the most O3-tolerant under all experiments. The fact that the same cultivar was found remarkably tolerant to the local semiarid ambient conditions according to other studies and to O3 exposure based on the present study supports a link between cultivar resistance to drought conditions and O3.

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Puroindoline allele diversity in Canadian and northern US hard spring wheat varieties differing in kernel hardness

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps07168 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 88 (5) ◽

pp. 873-883 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. A. Matus-Cádiz ◽

C. J. Pozniak ◽

P. Hucl

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Allelic Diversity ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Kernel Hardness ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Allele Composition ◽

End Use ◽

Hard Spring Wheat

Kernel hardness, one of the most important factors in determining the end-use suitability of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), is largely influenced by puroindoline proteins a (PINA) and b (PINB). Soft texture is wildtype (Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a) with hard texture being determined by either Pina-D1 gene deletion or point mutations in Pinb-D1a. The objectives of this study were to determine kernel hardness indices (HI) and Pina-D1/Pinb-D1 allelic diversity in a diverse set of 81 Canadian (representing eight wheat classes) and 49 US hard spring wheat varieties. Varieties were grouped into two experimental sets grown in replicated trials in 2004–2006 at Saskatoon, SK. Variation existed among varieties with HI means ranging from 21.7 (CDC Zorba) to 72.7 (AC Morse) in exp. 1 and from 25.0 (HY320) to 66.1 (Norlander) in exp. 2. Only AC Andrew, CDC Zorba, and Red Fife were soft kernel textured and carried the wildtype Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a alleles. The majority of Canadian varieties were Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b (69%), while a greater frequency of US varieties was Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a (55%). Only four varieties, all from Quebec-based breeding programs, carried the Pinb-D1c allele. On average, varieties with the Pina-D1b allele had significantly harder kernels than those carrying the Pinb-D1b mutation. Durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var durum) varieties, included as hard-kernelled controls, possessed significantly harder kernels (average HI = 71.2) than spring wheat varieties with Pina-D1b (65.3). Varieties carrying Pina-D1b (null PINA) were harder than those carrying hardness mutations at the Pinb-D1 locus, but considerable overlap in hardness was evident among genotypic classes. This work represents the first extensive Pin genotyping combined with HI phenotyping survey of Canadian wheat varieties, which is expected to aid breeders in understanding how Pina-D1/Pinb-D1 allele composition is currently associated with kernel hardness across Canadian wheat classes. Key words: Triticum aestivum, kernel hardness, puroindolines

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Genotype and Environmental Variation in Phenolic Content, Phenolic Acid Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Hard Spring Wheat

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/jf052683d ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 1265-1270 ◽

Cited By ~ 148

Author(s):

Archie Mpofu ◽

Harry D. Sapirstein ◽

Trust Beta

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Phenolic Acid ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Environmental Variation ◽

Hard Spring Wheat

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Effect of Variation in Amylose Content and Puroindoline Composition on Bread Quality in a Hard Spring Wheat Population

Cereal Chemistry ◽

10.1094/cchem-85-2-0266 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 266-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

J. M. Martin ◽

J. D. Sherman ◽

S. P. Lanning ◽

L. E. Talbert ◽

M. J. Giroux

Keyword(s):

Spring Wheat ◽

Amylose Content ◽

Bread Quality ◽

Wheat Population ◽

Hard Spring Wheat

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EFFECTS OF STRAW AND NITROGEN ON COMMON ROOT ROT OF WHEAT

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps70-033 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 175-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. J. LEDINGHAM

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effect ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Root Rot ◽

Soil Test ◽

Common Root ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Common Root Rot ◽

Nitrogen Yields ◽

Hard Spring Wheat ◽

Straw Amendment

Straw and stubble incorporated into the soil reduced the severity of common root rot in hard spring wheat, whereas supplemental nitrogen intensified the disease. A slight adverse effect on emergence generally occurred from incorporation of straw and stubble but no effect was observed from nitrogen. Yields were not increased significantly after straw amendment even though root rot was reduced. Supplemental nitrogen did not increase yields where a soil test indicated moderate or high levels of available nitrogen.

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Constitutive Expression of the Xylanase Inhibitor TAXI-III Delays Fusarium Head Blight Symptoms in Durum Wheat Transgenic Plants

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-04-13-0121-r ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 26 (12) ◽

pp. 1464-1472 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Ilaria Moscetti ◽

Silvio Tundo ◽

Michela Janni ◽

Luca Sella ◽

Katia Gazzetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transgenic Plants ◽

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Xylanase Activity ◽

Constitutive Expression ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Microbial Pathogens ◽

In Planta ◽

Head Blight ◽

Xylanase Inhibitor

Cereals contain xylanase inhibitor (XI) proteins which inhibit microbial xylanases and are considered part of the defense mechanisms to counteract microbial pathogens. Nevertheless, in planta evidence for this role has not been reported yet. Therefore, we produced a number of transgenic plants constitutively overexpressing TAXI-III, a member of the TAXI type XI that is induced by pathogen infection. Results showed that TAXI-III endows the transgenic wheat with new inhibition capacities. We also showed that TAXI-III is correctly secreted into the apoplast and possesses the expected inhibition parameters against microbial xylanases. The new inhibition properties of the transgenic plants correlate with a significant delay of Fusarium head blight disease symptoms caused by Fusarium graminearum but do not significantly influence leaf spot symptoms caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana. We showed that this contrasting result can be due to the different capacity of TAXI-III to inhibit the xylanase activity of these two fungal pathogens. These results provide, for the first time, clear evidence in planta that XI are involved in plant defense against fungal pathogens and show the potential to manipulate TAXI-III accumulation to improve wheat resistance against F. graminearum.

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