scholarly journals Improved Characterization of Nod Factors and Genetically Based Variation in LysM Receptor Domains Identify Amino Acids Expendable for Nod Factor Recognition in Lotus spp.

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita S. Bek ◽  
Jørgen Sauer ◽  
Mikkel B. Thygesen ◽  
Jens Ø. Duus ◽  
Bent O. Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Mesorhizobium Loti ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Sp ◽  
Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography

Formation of functional nodules is a complex process depending on host–microsymbiont compatibility in all developmental stages. This report uses the contrasting symbiotic phenotypes of Lotus japonicus and L. pedunculatus, inoculated with Mesorhizobium loti or the Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lotus), to investigate the role of Nod factor structure and Nod factor receptors (NFR) for rhizobial recognition, infection thread progression, and bacterial persistence within nodule cells. A key contribution was the use of 800 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for Nod factor analysis. The Nod factor decorations at the nonreducing end differ between Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lotus) and M. loti, and the NFR1/NFR5 extracellular regions of L. pedunculatus and L. japonicus were found to vary in amino acid composition. Genetic transformation experiments using chimeric and wild-type receptors showed that both receptor variants recognize the structurally different Nod factors but the later symbiotic phenotype remained unchanged. These results highlight the importance of additional checkpoints during nitrogen-fixing symbiosis and define several amino acids in the LysM domains as expendable for perception of the two differentially carbamoylated Nod factors.

scholarly journals ALotus japonicusE3 ligase interacts with the Nod factor receptor 5 and positively regulates nodulation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Tsikou ◽  
Estrella E. Ramirez ◽  
Ioanna S. Psarrakou ◽  
Jaslyn E. Wong ◽  
Dorthe B. Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
E3 Ligase ◽  
Kinase Domain ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Mesorhizobium Loti ◽  
Signaling Systems ◽  
Nodulation Capacity

SUMMARYPost-translational modification of receptor proteins is involved in activation and de-activation of signaling systems in plants. Both ubiquitination and deubiquitination have been implicated in plant interactions with pathogens and symbionts. Here we presentLjPUB13, a PUB-ARMADILLO repeat E3 ligase that specifically ubiquitinates the kinase domain of the Nod Factor receptor NFR5 and has a direct role in nodule organogenesis events inLotus japonicus. Phenotypic analyses of three LORE1 retroelement insertion plant lines revealed thatpub13plants display delayed and reduced nodulation capacity and retarded growth.LjPUB13expression is spatially regulated during symbiosis withMesorhizobium loti, with increased levels in young developing nodules. Thus,LjPUB13 is an E3 ligase with a positive regulatory role during the initial stages of nodulation inL. japonicus.

scholarly journals Rhizobium Nod Factors Induce an Increase in Sub-apical Fine Bundles of Actin Filaments in Vicia sativa Root Hairs within Minutes

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 829-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert C. A. de Ruijter ◽  
Ton Bisseling ◽  
Anne Mie C. Emons
Keyword(s):  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Tip Growth ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Nod Factor

We studied the response of the actin cytoskeleton in vetch root hairs after application of host-specific Nod factor. Within 3 to 15 min, the number of sub-apical fine bundles of actin filaments (FB-actin) increased in all developmental stages. Tip growth resumed only in hairs in which the FB-actin density and the length of the region with FB-actin exceeded a minimal value.

scholarly journals Epidermal LysM receptor ensures robust symbiotic signalling in Lotus japonicus

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiichi Murakami ◽  
Jeryl Cheng ◽  
Kira Gysel ◽  
Zoltan Bozsoki ◽  
Yasuyuki Kawaharada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Large Families ◽  
Calcium Spiking ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Recognition of Nod factors by LysM receptors is crucial for nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in most legumes. The large families of LysM receptors in legumes suggest concerted functions, yet only NFR1 and NFR5 and their closest homologs are known to be required. Here we show that an epidermal LysM receptor (NFRe), ensures robust signalling in L. japonicus. Mutants of Nfre react to Nod factors with increased calcium spiking interval, reduced transcriptional response and fewer nodules in the presence of rhizobia. NFRe has an active kinase capable of phosphorylating NFR5, which in turn, controls NFRe downstream signalling. Our findings provide evidence for a more complex Nod factor signalling mechanism than previously anticipated. The spatio-temporal interplay between Nfre and Nfr1, and their divergent signalling through distinct kinases suggests the presence of an NFRe-mediated idling state keeping the epidermal cells of the expanding root system attuned to rhizobia.

scholarly journals Differential Effects of Combined N Sources on Early Steps of the Nod Factor–Dependent Transduction Pathway in Lotus japonicus

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 994-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ani Barbulova ◽  
Alessandra Rogato ◽  
Enrica D'Apuzzo ◽  
Selim Omrane ◽  
Maurizio Chiurazzi
Keyword(s):  
Root Nodules ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Mesorhizobium Loti ◽  
N Sources ◽  
N Starvation ◽  
And Function

The development of nitrogen-fixing nodules in legumes is induced by perception of lipochitin-oligosaccharide signals secreted by a bacterial symbiont. Nitrogen (N) starvation is a prerequisite for the formation, development, and function of root nodules, and high levels of combined N in the form of nitrate or ammonium can completely abolish nodule formation. We distinguished between nitrate and ammonium inhibitory effects by identifying when and where these combined N sources interfere with the Nod-factor-induced pathway. Furthermore, we present a small-scale analysis of the expression profile, under different N conditions, of recently identified genes involved in the Nod-factor-induced pathway. In the presence of high levels of nitrate or ammonium, the NIN gene fails to be induced 24 h after the addition of Nod factor compared with plants grown under N-free conditions. This induction is restored in the hypernodulating nitrate-tolerant har1-3 mutant only in the presence of 10 and 20 mM KNO3. These results were confirmed in Lotus plants inoculated with Mesorhizobium loti. NIN plays a key role in the nodule organogenesis program and its downregulation may represent a crucial event in the nitrate-dependent pathway leading to the inhibition of nodule organogenesis.

scholarly journals A plant chitinase controls cortical infection thread progression and nitrogen-fixing symbiosis

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Malolepszy ◽  
Simon Kelly ◽  
Kasper Kildegaard Sørensen ◽  
Euan Kevin James ◽  
Christina Kalisch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Nodules ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Bacterial Mutants ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Morphogens provide positional information and their concentration is key to the organized development of multicellular organisms. Nitrogen-fixing root nodules are unique organs induced by Nod factor-producing bacteria. Localized production of Nod factors establishes a developmental field within the root where plant cells are reprogrammed to form infection threads and primordia. We found that regulation of Nod factor levels by Lotus japonicus is required for the formation of nitrogen-fixing organs, determining the fate of this induced developmental program. Our analysis of plant and bacterial mutants shows that a host chitinase modulates Nod factor levels possibly in a structure-dependent manner. In Lotus, this is required for maintaining Nod factor signalling in parallel with the elongation of infection threads within the nodule cortex, while root hair infection and primordia formation are not influenced. Our study shows that infected nodules require balanced levels of Nod factors for completing their transition to functional, nitrogen-fixing organs.

scholarly journals Rhizobium-Induced Calcium Spiking in Lotus japonicus

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne M. Harris ◽  
Rebecca Wais ◽  
Sharon R. Long
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Cytoplasmic Calcium ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Developmental Pathway ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Calcium Spiking ◽  
General Component

Legumes and rhizobium bacteria form a symbiosis that results in the development of nitrogen-fixing nodules on the root of the host plant. The earliest plant developmental changes are triggered by bacterially produced nodulation (Nod) factors. Within minutes of exposure to Nod factors, sharp oscillations in cytoplasmic calcium levels (calcium spiking) occur in epidermal cells of several closely related legumes. We found that Lotus japonicus, a legume that follows an alternate developmental pathway, responds to both its bacterial partner and to the purified bacterial signal with calcium spiking. Thus, calcium spiking is not restricted to a particular pathway of nodule development and may be a general component of the response of host legumes to their bacterial partner. Using Nod factor-induced calcium spiking as a tool to identify mutants blocked early in the response to Nod factor, we show that the L. japonicus Ljsym22-1 mutant but not the Ljsym30 mutant fails to respond to Nod factor with calcium spiking.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS285, a Photosynthetic Strain Able To Establish Nod Factor-Dependent or Nod Factor-Independent Symbiosis with Aeschynomene Legumes

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (30) ◽  
Author(s):  
Djamel Gully ◽  
Albin Teulet ◽  
Nicolas Busset ◽  
Nico Nouwen ◽  
Joël Fardoux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Sp ◽  
Genome Sequence Information

ABSTRACT Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain ORS285, which is able to nodulate Aeschynomene legumes using two distinct strategies that differ in the requirement of Nod factors. The genome sequence information of this strain will help understanding of the different mechanisms of interaction of rhizobia with legumes.

scholarly journals Rapid Colorimetric Quantification of Lipo-chitooligosaccharides from Mesorhizobium loti and Sinorhizobium meliloti

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 859-865
Author(s):  
Joachim Goedhart ◽  
Jean-Jacques Bono ◽  
Theodorus W. J. Gadella
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Mesorhizobium Loti ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Nod factors are lipids with a chitinlike headgroup produced by gram-negative Rhizobium bacteria. These lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) are essential signaling molecules for accomplishing symbiosis between the bacteria and roots of legume plants. Despite their important role in the Rhizobium-legume interaction, no fast and sensitive Nod factor quantification methods exist. Here, we report two different quantification methods. The first is based on the enzymatic hydrolysis of Nod factors to release N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), which can subsequently be quantified. It is shown that the degrading enzyme, glusulase, releases exactly two GlcNAc units per pentameric nodulation factor from Mesorhizobium loti factor, allowing quantification of LCOs from Mesorhizobium loti. The second method is based on a specific type of Nod factors that are sulfated on the reducing GlcNAc, allowing quantification analogous to the quantification of sulfolipids. Here, a two-phase extraction method is used in the presence of methylene blue, which specifically forms an ion pair with sulfated lipids. The blue ion pair partitions into the organic phase, after which the methylene blue signal can be quantified. To enable Nod factor quantification with this method, the organic phase was modified and the partitioning was evaluated using fluorescent and radiolabeled sulfated Nod factors. It is shown that sulfated LCOs can be quantified with this method, using sodium dodecyl sulfate for calibration. Both methods allow Nod factor quantification in parallel enabling a fast and easy detection of nanomole quantities of Nod factors. Accurate Nod factor quantification will be crucial for characterization and cross-comparison of the affinity for Nod factors of newly identified Nod factor binding proteins or putative Nod factor receptors.

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