An Improved Leaf Disc Bioassay for Detecting Calonectria pseudonaviculata in Soil and Potting Media

Boxwood blight caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata results in severe defoliation and dieback to boxwood (Buxus spp.). The pathogen was first described in the United Kingdom and New Zealand in the mid to late 1990s and has since spread throughout Europe and most recently to the United States and Canada. While many Calonectria spp. have an epidemiologically significant soil phase, little is known of the role of the soil phase of C. pseudonaviculata in the epidemiology of boxwood blight. We optimized a leaf disc bioassay for detecting and quantifying this pathogen in soil and compared this bioassay with a standard soil plating assay originally developed for quantifying Calonectria using a Suffolk sandy-loam soil. Additionally, the sensitivity of both assays was compared among three distinct soil types (sand-loam, silt-loam, and sand-peat potting media). The optimal incubation time for baiting C. pseudonaviculata from soil using the leaf disc bioassay was 96 h. The optimal soil moisture for the bioassay was 1,000% of field capacity (flooded with 3 to 5 mm water). The leaf disc bioassay was able to detect C. pseudonaviculata at levels as low as 1 microsclerotium/ g soil while the soil plating bioassay was unable to detect the pathogen below inoculum levels of 10 microsclerotia/g soil in the Suffolk sandy-loam soil. Soil type had a significant impact on the sensitivity of both assays.

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The effect of biochar addition on N2O and CO2 emissions from a sandy loam soil – The role of soil aeration

Soil Biology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.03.017 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 125-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 243

Author(s):

Sean D.C. Case ◽

Niall P. McNamara ◽

David S. Reay ◽

Jeanette Whitaker

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Soil Aeration ◽

Loam Soil

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Depth distribution of preferential flow patterns in a sandy loam soil as affected by tillage

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-1-769-1997 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 769-776 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

C. T. Petersen ◽

S. Hansen ◽

H. E. Jensen

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Preferential Flow ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Flow Patterns ◽

Structural Features ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Flow Pathways

Abstract. Dye-tracer studies using the anionic dye Brilliant Blue FCF were conducted on a structured sandy loam soil (Typic Agrudalf). 25 mm of dye solution was applied to the surface of 11 1.6 x 1.6 m field plots, some of which had been subjected to conventional seed bed preparation (harrowing) while others had been rotovated to either 5 or 15 cm depth before sowing. The soil was excavated to about 160 cm depth one or two days after dye application. Flow patterns and structural features appearing on vertical or horizontal cross sections were examined and photographed. The flow patterns were digitized, and depth functions for the number of activated flow pathways and the degree of dye coverage were calculated. Dye was found below 100 cm depth on 26 out of 33 vertical cross sections made in conventionally tilled plots showing that preferential flow was a prevailing phenomenon. The depth-averaged number of stained flow pathways in the 25-100 cm layer was significantly smaller in a plot rotovated to 5 cm depth than in a conventionally tilled plot, both under relatively dry initial soil conditions and when the entire soil profiles were initially at field capacity. There were no examples of dye penetration below 25 cm depth one month after deep rotovation. Distinct horizontal structures in flow patterns appearing at 20-40 cm depth coupled with changes in flow domains indicated soil layering with abrupt changes in soil structure and hydraulic properties.

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The Role of Temperature on Radio Iodine Adsorption Behavior in the Sandy-loam Soil

Asian Journal of Scientific Research ◽

10.3923/ajsr.2013.129.134 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 129-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Syed Abbas Hosseini ◽

Syed Ali Hosseini ◽

John Palan Javadi Meh

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Adsorption Behavior ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Iodine Adsorption

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Soil Amendments Reduce Roof Garden Weight and Influence the Growth Rate of Lantana

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.38.4.618 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 618-622 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Nektarios Panayiotis ◽

Tsiotsiopoulou Panayiota ◽

Chronopoulos Ioannis

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Formaldehyde Resin ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Roof Garden

Four substrates were investigated for their efficacy as roof garden vegetative layers. The substrates comprised a sandy loam soil (S), sandy loam soil amended with urea formaldehyde resin foam (S:F) in a proportion of 60-40 v/v, sandy loam soil amended with peat and perlite (S:P:Per) in a proportion of 50-30-20 v/v and peat amended with urea formaldehyde resin foam (P:F) in a proportion of 60-40 v/v. The substrates were evaluated for their physical and chemical properties and their capacity to sustain growth of Lantana camara L. Physical and chemical evaluation included weight determination at saturation and at field capacity, bulk density determination, water retention, air filled porosity at 40 cm, pH and EC. When compared to the control (S) a weight reduction of 16.8%, 23.9% and 70.3% was obtained at field capacity with S:F, S:P:Per and P:F substrates respectively. Bulk density was reduced by 46%, 43% and 95%, in substrates S:F, S:P:Per and P:F, respectively, compared to the control substrate S. Air-filled porosity at 40 cm was slightly increased for substrate S:F while it was substantially increased for substrate P:F. The pH response between the initiation and the termination of the study was similar for the four substrates. EC decreased in substrates S and S:P:Per but increased in substrates S:F and P:F. Plant growth was monitored as shoot length, shoot number, main shoot diameter and the number of buds and flowers. Substrates S and S:F resulted in similar plant growth, while substrate S:F promoted flowering. Substrate S:P:Per induced slow plant growth during the first 6 months which subsequently increased resulting in a final growth that was satisfactory and comparable to the S and S:F substrates. Substrate P:F did not support sufficient plant growth and its use should be considered only in special cases where reduced weight of the roof garden is imperative.

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Crop residue ashes reduce leaching, persistence and bioavailability of sulfosulfuron and pretilachlor used in the succeeding crop

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr20142 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (6) ◽

pp. 551 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anup Kumar ◽

Neera Singh

Keyword(s):

Crop Residue ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Downward Mobility ◽

Clay Loam Soil ◽

Culture Study ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Straw Ash

Ash produced during burning of crop biomass may affect the behaviour of herbicides applied in the crops sown after burning. Therefore, the effect of wheat straw ash (WSA) on pretilachlor and rice straw ash (RSA) on sulfosulfuron leaching, degradation and bioactivity in soils was studied. Both ash types reduced downward mobility of respective herbicides, but the effect varied with soil type and dose of ash. Effect was greater in the sandy loam soil because masking of ash was observed in the clay loam soil. Pretilachlor degradation studies indicated that the WSA enhanced degradation and effect was greater in the flooded soil where 0.2% ash reduced the half-life (t1/2) by nearly half, whereas increasing the ash content to 0.5% slightly increased the t1/2 values. The effect of RSA on sulfosulfuron degradation was significant in the sandy loam soil. A pot culture study in wheat also confirmed these results. The effect of the WSA on the bioavailability of sulfosulfuron was assayed by observing its effect on mustard seedlings and results suggested that even 0.1% WSA reduced herbicide availability. Burning of crop residues on field is a major concern due to air pollution, but also affects the fate of soil-applied herbicides. Our study has implications in assaying the role of crop ashes on pesticide fate in soils where crop residues are burned regularly.

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Effect of rice-husk biochar on selected soil properties in tropical Alfisols

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr15102 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 302 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

D. N. Vidana Gamage ◽

R. B. Mapa ◽

R. S. Dharmakeerthi ◽

A. Biswas

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Sandy Soil ◽

Water Retention ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Soil Aggregation ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Rice Husk Biochar

Despite the large number of studies on biochar and soil properties, few studies have investigated the effects of biochar in contrasting soils. A study was conducted including four rice-husk biochar rates (0%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) to understand the effects on selected soil properties of two Alfisols (sand and sandy loam) in Sri Lanka. Significant changes in soil properties including increases in pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic carbon, water retention at field capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity, and reduction in bulk density, were observed at higher rates of biochar (0.5% and 1%). Mean-weight-diameter increased only at 1% biochar application rate in sandy soil, whereas it significantly increased across all the rates in sandy loam soil over the control. Electrical conductivity showed no significant increase in either soil, indicating no threat of salinity. Biochar showed a potential for ameliorating acidity, especially in slightly acidic sandy soil. Soil aggregation and water flow improved markedly in sandy loam soil over sandy soil. Further, CEC and water retention of sandy soil had pronounced effects compared with sandy loam soil. Our study highlights the importance of soil type in determining the value of rice-husk biochar as a soil amendment to improve soil aggregation, water retention and flow and CEC.

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Emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide associated with the decomposition of arable crop residues on a sandy loam soil in Eastern England

Agronomie ◽

10.1051/agro:2002057 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 22 (7-8) ◽

pp. 731-738 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Roland Harrison ◽

Sharon Ellis ◽

Roy Cross ◽

James Harrison Hodgson

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Arable Crop ◽

Loam Soil

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The effect of conservation tillage systems on sustainability of soil biological state of sandy loam soil in corn monoculture

Cereal Research Communications ◽

10.1556/crc.35.2007.2.139 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 721-724 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Péter László ◽

Miklós Dombos ◽

Csaba Gyuricza

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Biological State

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INFLUENCE OF UNCONVENTIONAL FERTILIZERS ON MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SODDY-PODZOLY SANDY SOIL

Agro-industrial technologies of the Central Russia ◽

10.24888/2541-7835-2020-18-84-87 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 84-87

Author(s):

Yu.V. Leonova ◽

◽

T.A. Spasskaya ◽

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Sandy Soil ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Microbiological Activity ◽

Coffee Waste ◽

Loam Soil

The change in the microbiological activity of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil when using coffee waste and sewage sludge as a fertilizer for oats in comparison with traditional fertilizers is considered. During the study, it was determined that the predominant groups were bacteria and actinomycetes. Bacilli and fungi are few in number. The introduction of sewage sludge and coffee waste into the sod-podzolic sandy loam soil at a dose of 10 t / ha increases the activity of the microflora of the sod-podzolic sandy loam soil, which increases the effective and potential fertility.

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