scholarly journals Role of Epichloë Endophytes in Defense Responses of Cool-Season Grasses to Pathogens: A Review

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (11) ◽  
pp. 2061-2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Xia ◽  
Nana Li ◽  
Yawen Zhang ◽  
Chunjie Li ◽  
Xingxu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Physical Defense

Various cool-season grasses are infected by Epichloë endophyte, and this symbiotic relationship is always of benefit to the host grass due to an increased resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Fungal diseases adversely affect the yield, quality, and economic benefits of rangelands, which affects the production of animal husbandry. Therefore, it is imperative to breed resistant cultivars and to better understand the role of fungal endophytes in order to protect grasses against pathogens. The present review introduces research regarding how these endophytes affect the growth of pathogens in vitro and how they change the resistance of host plants to plant diseases. From the perspective of physical defense, changes in physiological indexes, and secretion of chemical compounds, we summarize the potential mechanisms by which endophytes are able to enhance the disease resistance of a host grass. Through these, we aim to establish a solid theoretical foundation for plant disease control and disease resistance breeding by application of fungal endophytes. A broader understanding of fungal endophyte effects on hosts could create a new opportunity for managing or introducing fungal symbioses in both agronomic or non-agronomic ecosystems.

scholarly journals Silicon in plant disease control

Revista CERES ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edson Ampélio Pozza ◽  
Adélia Aziz Alexandre Pozza ◽  
Deila Magna dos Santos Botelho
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidases ◽  
Plant Disease Control ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Increased Activity

All essential nutrients can affect the incidence and severity of plant diseases. Although silicon (Si) is not considered as an essential nutrient for plants, it stands out for its potential to decrease disease intensity in many crops. The mechanism of Si action in plant resistance is still unclear. Si deposition in plant cell walls raised the hypothesis of a possible physical barrier to pathogen penetration. However, the increased activity of phenolic compounds, polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases in plants treated with Si demonstrates the involvement of this element in the induction of plant defense responses. The studies examined in this review address the role of Si in disease control and the possible mechanisms involved in the mode of Si action in disease resistance in plants.

Overexpression of a directed mutant of 14-3-3ω in Arabidopsis leaves affects phosphorylation and protein content of nitrate reductaseThis paper is one of a selection published in a Special Issue comprising papers presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Plant Physiologists (CSPP) held at the University of Ottawa, Ontario, in June 2008.

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (7) ◽  
pp. 691-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man-Ho Oh ◽  
Joan L. Huber ◽  
Wei Shen ◽  
Gurdeep S. Athwal ◽  
Xia Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Responses ◽  
Cellular Proteins ◽  
Signaling Proteins ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Client Proteins ◽  
The University

The 14-3-3 family of proteins are highly conserved signaling proteins in eukaryotes that bind to their client proteins, usually through specific phosphorylated target sequences. While the 14-3-3 proteins are thought to interact with a wide array of cellular proteins, there have been few studies addressing the in-vivo role of 14-3-3. As one approach to study this in-vivo role, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants constitutively overexpressing a directed mutant of 14-3-3 isoform ω that inhibits phosphorylated nitrate reductase (pNR) in a largely divalent-cation-independent manner in vitro. The transgenic plants had increased relative phosphorylation of NR at the regulatory Ser-534 site and decreased NR activity measured in the presence of 5 mmol·L–1 MgCl2 relative to nontransgenic plants. In addition, total NR protein was increased and the protein half-life was increased about two-fold. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis analysis of proteins extracted from leaves of plants expressing the mutant 14-3-3 identified numerous cellular proteins that were altered in abundance. In particular, several β-glucosidase and glutathione S-transferase isoforms were decreased in abundance relative to wild type plants suggesting a possible alteration in stress or defense responses.

scholarly journals Insights into the Role of Streptomyces hydrogenans as the Plant Growth Promoter, Photosynthetic Pigment Enhancer and Biocontrol Agent against Meloidogyne incognita in Solanum lycopersicum Seedlings

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1109
Author(s):  
Nandni Sharma ◽  
Kanika Khanna ◽  
Rajesh Kumari Manhas ◽  
Renu Bhardwaj ◽  
Puja Ohri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Meloidogyne Sp

Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne sp. hinders functioning of crops and causes global losses in terms of productivity and yield. Meloidogyne sp. are microscopic, obligatory endoparasites with ubiquitous distribution in different parts of the world. Taking into consideration these aspects, the present study was conducted to explore nematicidal activity of the Streptomyces hydrogenans strain DH-16 against M. incognita to regulate its pathogenicity in plants. In-vitro experimentation revealed that pretreated seeds with solvent and culture supernatant lowered root galls in infested plants and promoted growth of Solanum lycopersicum seedlings, revealed through the morphological analysis. Additionally, antioxidative defense responses were induced with microbes. However, oxidative stress markers were considerably reduced after microbial inoculations. Apart from this, secondary metabolites were assessed and modulated in RKN infested plants on microbial supplementations. Confocal studies evaluated glutathione accumulation within root apices and its enhancement was directly proportional to defense responses. Therefore, the current study concluded the role of S. hydrogenans in stimulating antioxidant potential against RKN along with growth promoting aids. Thus, the outcome of the current study endorses that metabolites produced by S. hydrogenans can be used as safe biocontrol agents against M. incognita and also as plant growth promoting agents.

scholarly journals A Role of Cytokinin Transporter in Arabidopsis Immunity

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Shu Wang ◽  
Qi Sun ◽  
Leiyun Yang ◽  
Ying Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Immune Receptor ◽  
Receptor Mutant ◽  
Induced Defense Responses

The phytohormone cytokinin (CK) is not only essential for plant growth and development but also impacts plant immunity. A mutant screen in a constitutively active plant immune receptor mutant snc1 (suppressor of npr1, constitutive1) identified a suppressor mutation of SNC1-induced defense responses in an ABC transporter coding gene ABCG14. ABCG14 transports CK from roots to the shoots, and the suppression of the SNC1-mediated defense response by the loss of ABCG14 is due to a deficiency of trans-zeatin (tZ)-type CK in the shoot. In addition, exogenous application of the tZ-type CK enhances disease resistance associated with increased expression of the plant immune receptor gene SNC1. Taken together, this study further established the role of tZ-type CK in disease resistance and suggests a new intersection of CKs with plant immunity at the expression regulation of a plant immune receptor gene.

scholarly journals Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa Terhadap Prospek Unggulan Jambu Gondangmanis Menjadi Desa Wisata (Di Desa Gondangmanis, Kec. Bandar KedungMulyo, Kab. Jombang)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-333
Author(s):  
Eny Dyah Yuniwati ◽  
M. Dullah ◽  
M Cholil ◽  
Yulianita Verlandes
Keyword(s):  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Livestock Waste ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Community Group ◽  
Coordination Process ◽  
Cultivation Techniques ◽  
Very High

Gondangmanis guava production decreases every year, this is caused by pests and plant diseases, due to decreased soil quality, and soil fertility. In addition there are no good cultivation techniques so that Gondangmanis guava only grows conventionally. The purpose of this activity, for assistance, training and development of Gondangmanis guava picking tourism village. Implementation activities begin from April 2019 until August 2019, in Gondangmanis Village, kec. Bandar kedungmulyo, Jombang. The method used is a demonstration plot, and in-depth interviews. From the results of the assistance in this 3rd year, it can be concluded that there has been assistance, training and cultivation of Gondangmanis guava production. Community participation, especially those involved in guava development activities, and utilization of livestock waste is very high. Likewise, support from community leaders and village and district level officials was very supportive. Also pioneered the formation of tourism Gondangmanis guava village. The Guava Gondangmanis Community Group and the Tourism Awareness Group (POKDARWIS) have been formed. The role of the Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry and the Regional Government of Bappeda in Jombang Regency is also very high, because during the preparation and coordination process, it always receives attention from the leadership of the Regional Government, as evidenced by the formation of leading tourism in Jombang.

scholarly journals The role of Dicer-dependent RNA interference in regulating cross-species communication during fungus-fungus interactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoardo Piombo ◽  
Ramesh Raju Vetukuri ◽  
Anders Broberg ◽  
Pruthvi B Kalyandurg ◽  
Sandeep Kushwaha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Parasitic Fungus ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Clonostachys Rosea ◽  
Stem Loop

Dicer-like (DCL) proteins play a vital role in transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing, also known as RNA interference (RNAi), by cleaving double-stranded RNAs or single-stranded RNAs with stem-loop structures into small RNAs . Although DCL-mediated RNAi can regulate interspecific communication between pathogenic/mutualistic organisms and their hosts, its role in parasitic fungus-fungus interactions is yet to be investigated . In this study, we deleted dcl genes in the mycoparasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea and analyzed the transcriptome and secondary metabolome to characterize the regulatory functions of DCL-dependent RNAi in mycoparasitism. Deletion of dcl2 resulted in a mutant with reduced growth rate, pigment production and antagonism towards the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea . Moreover, the Δ dcl2 mutant displayed a reduced ability to control fusarium foot rot disease on wheat, caused by Fusarium graminearum , and reduced production of 62 secondary metabolites (SM) including yellow‐coloured sorbicillinoids. Transcriptome sequencing of the in vitro interaction between the C. rosea Δ dcl2 strain and B. cinerea or F. graminearum identified downregulation of genes coding for transcription factors, membrane transporters, hydrolytic enzymes and SM biosynthesis enzymes putatively involved in antagonistic interactions, in comparison with the C. rosea wild type interaction. Sixty-one putative novel microRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) were identified in C. rosea , and 11 was upregulated in the Δ dcl2 mutant. In addition to putative endogenous gene targets, these DCL2-dependent milRNAs were predicted to target B . cinerea and F. graminearum virulence factor genes, which showed an increased expression during interaction with the Δ dcl2 mutant incapable of producing the targeting milRNAs. This paper constitutes the first step in elucidating the role of RNAi in mycoparasitism, with important implications for biological control of plant diseases. This study further indicates a possible cross-species regulatory activity of fungal milRNAs, emphasizing a novel role of RNAi in fungal interactions and ecology.

scholarly journals Antitoxin EndoAI can induce disease resistance in tobacco as a protein elicitor

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wei Yan ◽  
Wen Zhi Liu ◽  
Wen Qing Yu ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Chang Jiang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Paenibacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
System Component ◽  
Pr Genes

Abstract Background The antitoxin EndoAI is a TA system component that directly inhibits EndoA activity in vitro. The targeted activation of a TA system represents a potentially novel antimicrobial or antiviral strategy. However, whether the antitoxin functions alone and can induce plant disease resistance remain unknown. Results An endoAI was previously identified in the genome of Paenibacillus terrae NK3-4. It underwent a bioinformatics analysis, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Then the functions of EndoAI inducing plant resistance to diseases as an elicitor were evaluated. The results showed that, EndoAI is a stable, alkaline, and hydrophilic protein, with a J-shaped three-dimensional structure in the absence of a ligand. It was clustered on the same branch with an antitoxin from Paenibacillus polymyxa SC2. Ectopically expressed EndoAI triggered a reactive oxygen species burst and a positive hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco leaves. Moreover, 2 μmol EndoAI induced HR activity in tomato leaf, and it remained active after a 15-min exposure at 4–50 °C, and pH 6–8. Additionally, EndoAI induced plant systemic resistance against Alternaria alternata and tobacco mosaic virus, and the up-regulated transcription of PR genes, including PR1a, PR1b, PR5, PDF1.2, COL1, NPR1, and PAL. Conclusions These results imply that EndoAI may enhance the disease resistance of tobacco by promoting a series of early defense responses and up-regulating PR gene expression. These findings are relevant for future investigations on the mechanism underlying the EndoAI–plant interaction that leads to enhanced disease resistance. Furthermore, the endoAI may be useful for developing effective biocontrol agents to protect plants from diseases. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals The Versatile Roles of Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules in Plant Defense—A Road to Disease Resistance

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1705
Author(s):  
András Künstler ◽  
Gábor Gullner ◽  
Attila L. Ádám ◽  
Judit Kolozsváriné Kolozsváriné Nagy ◽  
Lóránt Király
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Defense Compounds ◽  
Protein Functions ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Sulfur (S) is an essential plant macronutrient and the pivotal role of sulfur compounds in plant disease resistance has become obvious in recent decades. This review attempts to recapitulate results on the various functions of sulfur-containing defense compounds (SDCs) in plant defense responses to pathogens. These compounds include sulfur containing amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, the tripeptide glutathione, thionins and defensins, glucosinolates and phytoalexins and, last but not least, reactive sulfur species and hydrogen sulfide. SDCs play versatile roles both in pathogen perception and initiating signal transduction pathways that are interconnected with various defense processes regulated by plant hormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, ROS-mediated reversible oxidation of cysteine residues on plant proteins have profound effects on protein functions like signal transduction of plant defense responses during pathogen infections. Indeed, the multifaceted plant defense responses initiated by SDCs should provide novel tools for plant breeding to endow crops with efficient defense responses to invading pathogens.

scholarly journals Biodiversity, Ecology, and Secondary Metabolites Production of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Amaryllidaceae Crops

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Caruso ◽  
Nadezhda Golubkina ◽  
Alessio Tallarita ◽  
Magdi T. Abdelhamid ◽  
Agnieszka Sekara
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
In Vitro Synthesis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Fungal Microbiome ◽  
Antagonistic Potential ◽  
Metabolites Production

Amaryllidaceae family comprises many crops of high market potential for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, the utilization of plants as a source of bioactive compounds requires the plant/endophytic microbiome interactions, which affect all aspects of crop’s quantity and quality. This review highlights the taxonomy, ecology, and bioactive chemicals synthesized by endophytic fungi isolated from plants of the Amaryllidaceae family with a focus on the detection of pharmaceutically valuable plant and fungi constituents. The fungal microbiome of Amaryllidaceae is species- and tissue-dependent, although dominating endophytes are ubiquitous and isolated worldwide from taxonomically different hosts. Root sections showed higher colonization as compared to bulbs and leaves through the adaptation of endophytic fungi to particular morphological and physiological conditions of the plant tissues. Fungal endophytes associated with Amaryllidaceae plants are a natural source of ecofriendly bioagents of unique activities, with special regard to those associated with Amarylloidae subfamily. The latter may be exploited as stimuli of alkaloids production in host tissues or can be used as a source of these compounds through in vitro synthesis. Endophytes also showed antagonistic potential against fungal, bacterial, and viral plant diseases and may find an application as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Although Amaryllidaceae crops are cultivated worldwide and have great economic importance, the knowledge on their endophytic fungal communities and their biochemical potential has been neglected so far.

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