scholarly journals Biodiversity, Ecology, and Secondary Metabolites Production of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Amaryllidaceae Crops

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Caruso ◽  
Nadezhda Golubkina ◽  
Alessio Tallarita ◽  
Magdi T. Abdelhamid ◽  
Agnieszka Sekara
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
In Vitro Synthesis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Fungal Microbiome ◽  
Antagonistic Potential ◽  
Metabolites Production

Amaryllidaceae family comprises many crops of high market potential for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, the utilization of plants as a source of bioactive compounds requires the plant/endophytic microbiome interactions, which affect all aspects of crop’s quantity and quality. This review highlights the taxonomy, ecology, and bioactive chemicals synthesized by endophytic fungi isolated from plants of the Amaryllidaceae family with a focus on the detection of pharmaceutically valuable plant and fungi constituents. The fungal microbiome of Amaryllidaceae is species- and tissue-dependent, although dominating endophytes are ubiquitous and isolated worldwide from taxonomically different hosts. Root sections showed higher colonization as compared to bulbs and leaves through the adaptation of endophytic fungi to particular morphological and physiological conditions of the plant tissues. Fungal endophytes associated with Amaryllidaceae plants are a natural source of ecofriendly bioagents of unique activities, with special regard to those associated with Amarylloidae subfamily. The latter may be exploited as stimuli of alkaloids production in host tissues or can be used as a source of these compounds through in vitro synthesis. Endophytes also showed antagonistic potential against fungal, bacterial, and viral plant diseases and may find an application as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Although Amaryllidaceae crops are cultivated worldwide and have great economic importance, the knowledge on their endophytic fungal communities and their biochemical potential has been neglected so far.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Grapevine Bacterial and Fungal Endophytes on Biomass Accumulation and Stilbene Production by the In Vitro Cultivated Cells of Vitis amurensis Rupr.

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1276
Author(s):  
Olga A. Aleynova ◽  
Andrey R. Suprun ◽  
Nikolay N. Nityagovsky ◽  
Alexandra S. Dubrovina ◽  
Konstantin V. Kiselev
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Vitis Amurensis ◽  
Grape Cell ◽  
Stilbene Biosynthesis

Plant endophytes are known to alter the profile of secondary metabolites in plant hosts. In this study, we identified the main bacterial and fungal representatives of the wild grape Vitis amurensis Rupr. microbiome and investigated a cocultivation effect of the 14 endophytes and the V. amurensis cell suspension on biomass accumulation and stilbene biosynthesis. The cocultivation of the V. amurensis cell culture with the bacteria Agrobacterium sp., Bacillus sp., and Curtobacterium sp. for 2 weeks did not significantly affect the accumulation of cell culture fresh biomass. However, it was significantly inhibited by the bacteria Erwinia sp., Pantoea sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Xanthomonas sp. and fungi Alternaria sp., Biscogniauxia sp., Cladosporium sp., Didymella sp. 2, and Fusarium sp. Cocultivation of the grapevine cell suspension with the fungi Didymella sp. 1 and Trichoderma sp. resulted in cell death. The addition of endophytic bacteria increased the total stilbene content by 2.2–5.3 times, while the addition of endophytic fungi was more effective in inducing stilbene accumulation by 2.6–16.3 times. The highest content of stilbenes in the grapevine cells cocultured with endophytic fungi was 13.63 and 13.76 mg/g of the cell dry weight (DW) after cultivation with Biscogniauxia sp. and Didymella sp. 2, respectively. The highest content of stilbenes in the grapevine cells cocultured with endophytic bacteria was 4.49 mg/g DW after cultivation with Xanthomonas sp. The increase in stilbene production was due to a significant activation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and stilbene synthase (STS) gene expression. We also analyzed the sensitivity of the selected endophytes to eight antibiotics, fluconazole, and trans-resveratrol. The endophytic bacteria were sensitive to gentamicin and kanamycin, while all selected fungal strains were resistant to fluconazole with the exception of Cladosporium sp. All endophytes were tolerant of trans-resveratrol. This study showed that grape endophytes stimulate the production of stilbenes in grape cell suspension, which could further contribute to the generation of a new stimulator of stilbene biosynthesis in grapevine or grape cell cultures.

scholarly journals Cork Oak Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Diplodia corticola

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Daniela Costa ◽  
Rui M. Tavares ◽  
Paula Baptista ◽  
Teresa Lino-Neto
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Cork Oak ◽  
In Vivo Assays ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Treatment Measures ◽  
Dual Plate ◽  
Antagonistic Potential ◽  
Selection Of

An increase in cork oak diseases caused by Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Diplodia corticola has been reported in the last decade. Due to the high socio-economic and ecologic importance of this plant species in the Mediterranean Basin, the search for preventive or treatment measures to control these diseases is an urgent need. Fungal endophytes were recovered from cork oak trees with different disease severity levels, using culture-dependent methods. The results showed a higher number of potential pathogens than beneficial fungi such as cork oak endophytes, even in healthy plants. The antagonist potential of a selection of eight cork oak fungal endophytes was tested against B. mediterranea and D. corticola by dual-plate assays. The tested endophytes were more efficient in inhibiting D. corticola than B. mediterranea growth, but Simplicillium aogashimaense, Fimetariella rabenhorstii, Chaetomium sp. and Alternaria alternata revealed a high potential to inhibit the growth of both. Simplicillium aogashimaense caused macroscopic and microscopic mycelial/hyphal deformations and presented promising results in controlling both phytopathogens’ growth in vitro. The evaluation of the antagonistic potential of non-volatile and volatile compounds also revealed that A. alternata compounds could be further explored for inhibiting both pathogens. These findings provide valuable knowledge that can be further explored in in vivo assays to find a suitable biocontrol agent for these cork oak diseases.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts Obtained From Cultivation of Native Endophytic Fungi Belonging to a Tropical Montane Rainforest in Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Charria-Girón ◽  
María C. Espinosa ◽  
Andrea Zapata-Montoya ◽  
María J. Méndez ◽  
Juan P. Caicedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Future Production ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Bioactive Secondary Metabolite

Bioactive secondary metabolite production from endophytic fungi has gained a recurring research focus in recent decades as these microorganisms represent an unexplored biological niche for their diverse biotechnological potential. Despite this focus, studies involving tropical endophytes remain scarce, particularly those isolated from medicinal plants of these ecosystems. In addition, the state of the art of the pharmaceutical industry has experienced stagnation in the past 30years, which has pushed pathogenic infections to get one step ahead, resulting in the development of resistance to existing treatments. Here, five fungal endophytes were isolated from the medicinal plant Otoba gracilipes (Myristicaceae), which corresponded to the genera Xylaria and Diaporthe, and screened to demonstrate the promissory potential of these microorganisms for producing bioactive secondary metabolites with broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. Thus, the evaluation of crude organic extracts obtained from the mycelia and exhaust medium allowed the elucidation of Xylaria sp. and Diaporthe endophytica potential toward providing crude extracellular extracts with promising bioactivities against reference strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), according to the determined half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) with values down to 3.91 and 10.50mg/ml against each pathogen, respectively. Follow-up studies provided insights into the polarity nature of bioactive compounds in the crude extracts through bioactivity guided fractionation using a polymeric resin absorbent alternative extraction procedure. In addition, evaluation of the co-culturing methods demonstrated how this strategy can enhance endophytes biosynthetic capacity and improve their antibacterial potential with a 10-fold decrease in the IC50 values against both pathogens compared to the obtained values in the preliminary evaluations of Xylaria sp. and D. endophytica crude extracts. These results support the potential of Colombian native biodiversity to provide new approaches concerning the global emergence of antibiotics resistance and future production of undiscovered compounds different from the currently used antibiotics classes and simultaneously call for the value of preserving native habitats due to their promising ecosystemic applications in the biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries.

scholarly journals Biotic and abiotic stress roles in drugs production through in vitro approaches in plants – a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
A. Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed ◽  
R. Arun Kumar ◽  
Muneeb M. Musthafa ◽  
Davindran Rajandram ◽  
Faiz M.M.T. Marikar
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Fungal Elicitors ◽  
Culture Suspension ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Metabolites Production

Abstract. Plant metabolic engineering is a modern discipline that promises to create opportunities in pharmaceutical industries to produce and biomedicine. Over the long period natural and synthetic plant hormones have had tremendous implications in callus/cell culture /suspension/ for secondary metabolites production (SMs). Generally, SMs plays a vital fundamental role in protecting the plant from biotic and abiotic attacks to which it may be subjected. This review article focused on the relationship between various factors related to the drug production. In medicinal plants, in vitro studies, based on biotic factors such as fungal/endo-phytic fungal elicitors/microbe-derived exogenous elicitor yeast extract (YE) were cross checked with the abiotic six factor groups, including auxins and cytokinins, gamma radiation, lights, temperature, carbon sources, photoperiods, precursor chemicals and plant metabolic enzymes. Moreover, key enzymes and gene networks can serve as a resource to selected potential targets for specific SMs production. This is the first review to describe the light factors needed for the SM production, which has favorable role for SMs. We envisage that the researcher can design how to modulate the stress factors in terms of drug improvement from medicinal plants.

scholarly journals Evaluation of endophytic fungal fractions of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. Nees leaves for in vitro free radical scavenging and hepatoprotective activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Smita Kishor Puri ◽  
Prasanna Vasantrao Habbu ◽  
Preeti Venkatrao Kulkarni ◽  
Venkatrao Hanumanthrao Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Free Radical Scavenging ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Rdna Sequencing

Fungal endophytes are the microbes residing in internal tissues of the plant forming symbiotic, mutualistic, communalistic and trophobiotic relationship. Endophytes from medicinal plants are considered as essential source of secondary metabolites accompanied by interesting biological/pharmacological activities. In this study, an effort was made to isolate, characterize endophytic fungi from leaves of Andrographis paniculata and to screen the fungal fractions for in-vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity. Two fungal endophytes (APLF-1 and APLF-2) from Andrographis paniculata were isolated and fermented to get chloroform (A1C, A2C), ethyl acetate (A1EA, A2EA) and n butanol (A1nB, A2nB) extracts. All the endophytic fractions of APLF-1 and APLF-2 were assayed for free radical scavenging properties against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical and reducing power. Fractions of APLF-2 showed good scavenging activity compared to APLF-1 extracts. Further, A2EA and A2nB were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. A2EA (50 mg/kg &100 mg/kg) and A2nB (50 mg/kg &100 mg/kg) reversed the elevated biochemical parameters with respect to CCl4 treated group (p<0.001). The LPO, SOD and CAT levels were also restored by A2EA and A2nB (100 mg/kg p.o). APLF-1 and APLF-2 were studied for rDNA sequencing by PCR technique. The endophytic fungi, APLF-1 and APLF-2 were identified as Diaporthe sp. A25 and Preussia sp. PPV3.6 respectively based on their morphology and molecular characterization. The presence of polyvalent secondary metabolites in A2EA and A2nB were confirmed by HPTLC analysis. Keyword: Endophytic fungi; Hepatoprotective; Antioxidant; Andrographis paniculata; Diaporthe sp. A25; Preussia sp. PPV3.6

scholarly journals Molecular Identification of Endophytic Fungi and Their Pathogenicity Evaluation Against Dendrobium nobile and Dendrobium officinale

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surendra Sarsaiya ◽  
Archana Jain ◽  
Qi Jia ◽  
Xiaokuan Fan ◽  
Fuxing Shu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Dendrobium Officinale ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Dendrobium Nobile ◽  
Living Tissues ◽  
Pathogenic Effects

Dendrobium are tropical orchid plants that host diverse endophytic fungi. The role of these fungi is not currently well understood in Dendrobium plants. We morphologically and molecularly identified these fungal endophytes, and created an efficient system for evaluating the pathogenicity and symptoms of endophytic fungi on Dendrobium nobile and Dendrobium officinale though in vitro co-culturing. ReThe colony morphological traits of Dendrobium myco-endophytes (DMEs) were recorded for their identification. Molecular identification revealed the presence of Colletotrichum tropicicola, Fusarium keratoplasticum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The pathogenicity results revealed that T. longibrachiatum produced the least pathogenic effects against D. nobile protocorms. In seedlings, T. longibrachiatum showed the least pathogenic effects against D. officinale seedlings after seven days. C. tropicicola produced highly pathogenic effects against both Dendrobium seedlings. The results of histological examination of infected tissues revealed that F. keratoplasticum and T. longibrachiatum fulfill Koch’s postulates for the existence of endophytes inside the living tissues. The DMEs are cross-transmitted inside the host plant cells, playing an important role in plant host development, resistance, and alkaloids stimulation.

Endophytic fungi as a promising biocontrol agent to protect wheat from Fusarium graminearum head blight

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Albert Noel ◽  
Ludmilla Roze ◽  
Mikaela Breunig ◽  
Frances Trail
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Species Definitions

The search for beneficial endophytes that can be part of a constructed microbial community has increased in recent years. We characterized three endophytic fungi previously isolated from wheat for their in vitro and in planta antagonism toward the Fusarium head blight pathogen, Fusarium graminearum. The endophytes were phylogenetically characterized and shown to be Alternaria destruens, Fusarium commune, and Fusarium oxysporum. Individual fungal endophytes significantly increased seed weight and lowered the accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol compared to F. graminearum infected wheat heads without endophyte pretreatment. Investigation into the mechanism of competition in vitro showed that endophytes competitively excluded F. graminearum by pre-emptive colonization and possible inhibition over a distance. Investigations on the use of these endophytes in the field are in progress. Identification of these three endophytes highlights a common quandary in searching for beneficial microbes to use in agriculture: species definitions often do not separate individual isolates’ lifestyles. A greater understanding of the risks in using intraspecies variants for biocontrol is needed and should be examined in the context of the ecology of the individuals being investigated.

scholarly journals Diversity and antibacterial activity of fungal endophytes from Eucalyptus exserta

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziling Mao ◽  
Weihao Zhang ◽  
Chunyin Wu ◽  
Hao Feng ◽  
Yuanhang Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Fungal Isolates

Abstract Background Eucalyptus bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important eucalyptus disease. Endophytic fungi, an important source of natural active substances, provide a new breakthrough for the control of plant diseases. Results In the present study, 80 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from the healthy branches and fruits of Eucalyptus exserta. Fifteen distinct isolates (MK120854-MK120868) were selected for further taxonomic identification through morphological trait assessments and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region-rRNA gene sequence analysis. Thirteen genera, namely, Phyllosticta, Penicillium, Eutypella, Purpureocillium, Talaromyces, Lophiostoma, Cladosporium, Pestalotiopsis, Chaetomium, Fusarium, Gongronella, Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria, were identified on the basis of their morphological characteristics. Members of the genus Phyllosticta were the primary isolates, with a colonization frequency (CF) of 27.5 %. Most of the fungal isolates displayed antibacterial activity. The crude extracts obtained from Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7, Pestalotiopsis sp. Eef-9 and Chaetomium sp. Eef-10 exhibited strong inhibition on the test bacteria, and Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 was further cultured on a large scale. Three known compounds, scorpinone (1), 5-deoxybostrycoidin (2) and 4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-2 H-pyran-2-one (3), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 associated with E. exserta. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectra and a comparison of their spectral data with published values. Compounds 1 and 2 showed weak antimicrobial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum. Conclusions Endophytic fungi from Eucalyptus exserta may represent alternative sources of antimicrobial agents. Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 can produce 2-azaanthraquinone derivatives and shows weak antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum.

scholarly journals Fungal endophytes of some medicinal plant growing in northwestern coast of Egypt: Isolation, identification and two-way clustering analysis of its antimicrobial activity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Magdy El-Metwally ◽  
Atia Mohamed Eisa ◽  
Amal AI Mekawey ◽  
Samy F. Mahmoud ◽  
Yasser El Halmouch
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Nicotiana Glauca ◽  
Northwestern Coast

Abstract One of hidden mine of antibiotics is endophytic fungi especially that inhibited medicinal plants. In this regard, leaves, stems, fruits and bulbs of some commonly medicinal plants growing in Northwestern coast of Egypt were subjected for isolation of endophytic fungi with screening study of its antimicrobial activity. Practically, more than one hundred (101) endophytic fungal species isolated from Scorpiurus muricatus, Mellilotus indicus, Lotus polyphyllos, Ononis vaginalis, Nicotiana glauca, Lycium europaeum, Asphodelus aestivus, Echium angustifolium,Fagonia cretica, Pancratium maritimum,and Carduus getulus were tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activities against E. coli, Pseudomonas argenosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilus, Candida albicanus, Candida glabrata, Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus flavus. The values of applied diversity indices revealed significant differences in presence, absence and abundance among endophytic fungal isolates. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report of Alternaria pluriseptata as endophytic species with most dominant and most active in its anitimicrobial activity among the isolated species. Seven distinctive groups were revealed from the two-way cluster analysis showing the intensity of antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens: Twenty-five percent of the isolates (26 strains assembled together in group V) exhibited no antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens while six percent (6 isolates) assembled in group VII revealed high antimicrobial activity against five pathogens.

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