scholarly journals Inoculation Method Impacts Symptom Development Associated with Diaporthe aspalathi, D. caulivora, and D. longicolla on Soybean (Glycine max)

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Ghimire ◽  
Kristina Petrović ◽  
Brian J. Kontz ◽  
Carl A. Bradley ◽  
Martin I. Chilvers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Inoculation Method ◽  
Pathogen Recovery ◽  
The U.S

One hundred fifty-two Diaporthe isolates were recovered from symptomatic soybean (Glycine max) stems sampled from the U.S. states of Iowa, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, and South Dakota. Using morphology and DNA sequencing, isolates were identified as D. aspalathi (8.6%), D. caulivora (24.3%), and D. longicolla (67.1%). Aggressiveness of five isolates each of the three pathogens was studied on cultivars Hawkeye (D. caulivora and D. longicolla) and Bragg (D. aspalathi) using toothpick, stem-wound, mycelium contact, and spore injection inoculation methods in the greenhouse. For D. aspalathi, methods significantly affected disease severity (P < 0.001) and pathogen recovery (P < 0.001). The relative treatment effects (RTE) of stem-wound and toothpick methods were significantly greater than for the other methods. For D. caulivora and D. longicolla, a significant isolate × method interaction affected disease severity (P < 0.05) and pathogen recovery (P < 0.001). Significant differences in RTEs were observed among D. caulivora and D. longicolla isolates only when the stem-wound and toothpick methods were used. Our study has determined that the stem-wound and toothpick methods are reliable to evaluate the three pathogens; however, the significant isolate × method interactions for D. caulivora and D. longicolla indicate that multiple isolates should also be considered for future pathogenicity studies.

scholarly journals Inoculation Preparation Affects Survival of Salmonella enterica on Whole Black Peppercorns and Cumin Seeds Stored at Low Water Activity

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 1259-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAUREN S. BOWMAN ◽  
KIM M. WATERMAN ◽  
ROBERT C. WILLIAMS ◽  
MONICA A. PONDER
Keyword(s):  
Water Activity ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Serial Dilution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Inoculation Method ◽  
Inclusion Method ◽  
Transfer Method

Salmonellosis has been increasingly associated with contaminated spices. Identifying inoculation and stabilization methods for Salmonella on whole spices is important for development of validated inactivation processes. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of inoculation preparation on the recoverability of Salmonella enterica from dried whole peppercorns and cumin seeds. Whole black peppercorns and cumin seeds were inoculated with S. enterica using one dry transfer method and various wet inoculation methods: immersion of spice seeds in tryptic soy broth (TSB) plus Salmonella for 24 h (likely leading to inclusion of Salmonella in native microbiota biofilms formed around the seeds), application of cells grown in TSB, and/or application of cells scraped from tryptic soy agar (TSA). Postinoculation seeds were dried to a water activity of 0.3 within 24 h and held for 28 days. Seeds were sampled after drying (time 0) and periodically during the 28 days of storage. Salmonella cells were enumerated by serial dilution and plated onto xylose lysine Tergitol (XLT4) agar and TSA. Recovery of Salmonella was high after 28 days of storage but was dependent on inoculation method, with 4.05 to 6.22 and 3.75 to 8.38 log CFU/g recovered from peppercorns and cumin seeds, respectively, on XLT4 agar. The changes in surviving Salmonella (log CFU per gram) from initial inoculation levels after 28 days were significantly smaller for the biofilm inclusion method (+0.142pepper, +0.186cumin) than for the other inoculation methods (−0.425pepper, −2.029cumin for cells grown on TSA; −0.641pepper, −0.718cumin for dry transfer; −1.998pepper for cells grown in TSB). In most cases, trends for reductions of total aerobic bacteria were similar to those of Salmonella. The inoculation method influenced the recoverability of Salmonella from whole peppercorns and cumin seeds after drying. The most stable inoculum strategies were dry transfer, 24-h incubation of Salmonella and spices in TSB (i.e., potential inclusion of Salmonella within native microbiota biofilms), and inoculation of Salmonella cells grown on TSA subsequent to drying. However, with the dry transfer method it was difficult to obtain the large amount of inoculum needed for inactivation studies.

scholarly journals Genetic Interactions Between Glycine max and Sclerotinia sclerotiorumUsing a Straw Inoculation Method

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (8) ◽  
pp. 891-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Auclair ◽  
G. J. Boland ◽  
L. M. Kohn ◽  
I. Rajcan
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Dna Fingerprint ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Disease Response ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Inoculation Method ◽  
Genetic Fingerprint

Genetic interactions for disease response between cultivars of Glycine max and isolates of Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum were evaluated in controlled-environment inoculations of five soybean cultivars with four genetically unique isolates of S. sclerotiorum. The objective of this study was to identify host-pathogen interactions using isolates of the pathogen which had different geographical and crop-wise distribution as well as a different DNA-based fingerprint. To do so, 4-week-old soybean plants were inoculated with individual isolates of S. sclerotiorum using a straw inoculation method. Inoculated plants were incubated for 48 h in continuous leaf wetness and rated for disease severity 1 and 2 weeks after inoculation. Significant differences in disease severity were detected among the soybean cultivars, and NK S08-80 consistently had the lowest disease severity among the five cultivars tested. No significant differences in disease severity were observed among pathogen isolates and no significant interactions were detected between soybean cultivars and pathogen isolates. These results suggest the following interpretations: (i) either the clonal genotype of the four pathogen isolates as determined by mycelial compatibility and DNA fingerprint was not associated with level of virulence on the five soybean cultivars or (ii) the soybean cultivars themselves were not capable of revealing any differences in virulence among isolates that would be related to their genetic fingerprint or regional distribution. The results of this study are consistent with the practice of considering different isolates of S. scle-rotiorum sampled from soybean in the same geographical region as equivalent for the evaluation of soybean cultivars for resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Boxwood Accessions from the National Boxwood Collection to Boxwood Blight and Potential for Differences between Calonectria pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 873-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. LaMondia ◽  
Nina Shishkoff
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The U.S

Forty Buxus accessions from the U.S. National Arboretum National Boxwood Collection were evaluated as potted plants and detached leaves for susceptibility to Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Crous et al.) L. Lombard et al., and nine boxwood cultivars were evaluated against both species of Calonectria causing boxwood blight, C. pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae. Accessions of B. harlandii Hance, B. sinica (Rehder and E.H.Wilson) M.Cheng, and B. microphylla Siebold and Zucc. had less disease than B. microphylla ×sempervirens, and all had fewer lesions per plant than the 20 B. sempervirens L. accessions evaluated. Variation within species was observed. Of the individual accessions, B. sinica var. aemulans (accession 60705*H), B. sempervirens (36365*J), and B. harlandii (18834*H) were least susceptible, with <10 lesions per plant. B. sempervirens ‘Scupi’ (9548*H), B. microphylla ‘Compacta’ (4899*CH), B. sempervirens ‘Arborescens’ (57953*H), B. sinica var. insularis ‘Pincushion’ (51898*H), and B. microphylla var. japonica ‘Jim Stauffer’ (72213*H) each had <20 lesions. These rankings differ from previous studies that used detached leaf and unrooted cutting assays. Normalizing to account for plant size effects on inoculation and disease increased variability for individual accession rankings but did not result in significant differences in the most and least susceptible accessions or species ranking. Nine boxwood cultivars evaluated against both pathogen species exhibited a range of susceptibility against four pooled isolates each of C. pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae. Although small differences in disease severity were observed on boxwood inoculated with the two pathogens, there was no interaction of cultivar and pathogen species, suggesting that a cultivar rated resistant to one species was resistant to the other. These results may aid boxwood breeders to develop resistance to boxwood blight.

Life Beyond 1MeV

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
K.H. Westmacott
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Case ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The U.S

Life beyond 1MeV – like life after 40 – is not too different unless one takes advantage of past experience and is receptive to new opportunities. At first glance, the returns on performing electron microscopy at voltages greater than 1MeV diminish rather rapidly as the curves which describe the well-known advantages of HVEM often tend towards saturation. However, in a country with a significant HVEM capability, a good case can be made for investing in instruments with a range of maximum accelerating voltages. In this regard, the 1.5MeV KRATOS HVEM being installed in Berkeley will complement the other 650KeV, 1MeV, and 1.2MeV instruments currently operating in the U.S. One other consideration suggests that 1.5MeV is an optimum voltage machine – Its additional advantages may be purchased for not much more than a 1MeV instrument. On the other hand, the 3MeV HVEM's which seem to be operated at 2MeV maximum, are much more expensive.

Soybean (Glycine max) Cultivar Response to Metribuzin in Solution Culture

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Hardcastle
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Dry Weight

Twenty-eight commercial soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] cultivars of maturity classes V through VIII were evaluated for differences in response to metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] 0.125 ppm w/w in hydroponic culture. Top dry weight (TDW) of treated ‘FFR 666’ soybeans equaled that of the cultivar check and five other cultivars were not significantly different (P = 5%). ‘Semmes' was most sensitive to the herbicide with TDW 40% of cultivar check. ‘Tracy’ and ‘Coker 156’ were not significantly different (P = 5%) from Semmes. The other cultivars tested were intermediate in response to metribuzin.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Resveratrol Glycosides by Cultured Plant Cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1300800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Shimoda ◽  
Manabu Hamada ◽  
Hatsuyuki Hamada ◽  
Mai Takemoto ◽  
Hiroki Hamada
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

Incubation of cultured cells of Glycine max with trans-resveratrol gave its 3-O-β-D- and 4′- O-β-D-glucosides. Cultured Gossypium hrsutum cells glycosylated trans-resveratrol to its 3-O-β-D-, 4′- O-β-D- and 3,4′- O-β-D-diglucosides. On the other hand trans-resveratrol was converted into cis-resveratrol 4′- O-β-D-glucoside together with trans-resveratrol 3- O-β-D-glucoside and trans-resveratrol 4′- O-β-D-glucoside by Eucalyptus perriniana.

Russia in B. Obama's Foreign Policy Strategy: Continuation and Renovation

2010 ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
E. Solov’ev
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The Other ◽  
Policy Strategy ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Barak Obama

Unlike his predecessors, Barak Obama is bound to work amidst global balance of power rapidly changing to the disfavor of American interests. All attempts of the U.S. to build an unipolar world under its domination have failed. Obama is vigorously seeking to restructure U.S.–Russia relations; however, the divergence of interests in many fields is evident, and neither Washington nor Moscow can agree on the partnership as formulated by the other side.

Policy Report ~ Informe

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Gándara
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Academic Preparation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dropping Out ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Mexican Schools ◽  
The U.S

Millions of young people receive part of their education in the U.S. and part in Mexico. However, neither the U.S. nor Mexican schools are prepared to educate students from “the other side.” This commonly results in loss of school credit, poor academic preparation and dropping out, which leads to very limited job opportunities and wasted human talent. This article suggests several ways in which this problem can be addressed. Millones de jóvenes reciben parte de su educación en los Estados Unidos y parte en México. Sin embargo, ni las escuelas de los Estados Unidos ni las de México están preparadas para educar a los estudiantes “del otro lado”. Esta situación comúnmente resulta en la pérdida de créditos escolares, la mala preparación académica y en el abandono de los estudios, lo que conduce a muy limitadas oportunidades de empleo y al desperdicio de talento humano. Este artículo sugiere varias maneras en las cuales se puede abordar este problema.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document