scholarly journals First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces sp. on Plantago australis in Brazil

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-421
Author(s):  
L. J. Dallagnol ◽  
F. R. de Castro ◽  
E. N. Garcia ◽  
L. E. A. Camargo
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Galium Aparine ◽  
Galium Spurium

The plantain Plantago australis Lam. (Plantaginaceae) is a herbaceous species native to southern Brazil that is known for the analgesic, antibiotic, and anti-inflammatory properties of its leaf extracts (2). Powdery mildew was observed on wild P. australis plants in the cities of Tapejara, Jari, and Santa Maria (State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) during the summer of 2011. Affected plants were more often observed in shaded areas. Signs included sparse to abundant white powdery masses of conidia and mycelium on pseudo-petioles and leaves, mostly on the adaxial surface. Severely affected plants (≥80% of foliar area affected) had small chlorotic leaves and reduced size compared to healthy ones. Mycelia were superficial and presented nipple-shaped appressoria. Conidiophores were often curved at the base, unbranched, cylindrical, 81 to 125 μm long (average 97.3 ± 14.9 μm) and composed of a cylindrical foot cell 52 to 73 μm long (average 65.4 ± 7.5 μm) and 9 to 14 μm wide (average 11.6 ± 1.5 μm) followed by one to two shorter cells 17 to 29 μm long (average 23.4 ± 3.6 μm). Conidia were produced in chains of up to eight cells, did not contain fibrosin bodies, ranged from ellipsoid-ovoid to subcylindrical, and measured 24 to 35 μm long (average 30.5 ± 3.7 μm) and 12 to 19 μm wide (average 15.8 ± 1.7 μm). Germ tubes were produced apically (reticuloidium type). Chasmothecia were not observed on sampled leaves. Genomic DNA was extracted from conidia, conidiophores, and mycelium and used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) (ITS1-5.8s-ITS2) region using the ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The resulting sequence (558 bp) was deposited under accession number JX312220 in GenBank. Searches with the BLASTn algorithm revealed similarity of 100% with Golovinomyces orontii (Castagne) V.P. Heluta 1988 from Veronica arvensis L. (AB077652.1) (3), 99% with G. orontii from Galium spurium L. and Galium aparine L. (AB430818.1 and AB430813.1) (2) and 99% with G. sordidus (L. Junell) V.P. Heluta 1988 from P. lanceolata L. (AB077665.1) (3). Based on morphological characteristics and sequence analysis of the ITS region, the fungus was identified as belonging to Golovinomyces sp. To fulfill Koch's postulates, five cultivated plants of P. australis with four to five expanded leaves were inoculated by dusting conidia (10 to 15 conidia cm–2) on their leaves. Inoculated and non-inoculated control plants were kept in a greenhouse at 27 ± 5°C and relative humidity of 80 ± 15%. Powdery mildew symptoms identical to those of wild plants were observed 8 to 10 days after in inoculated plants. Although G. sordidus was previously reported on P. australis subsp. hirtella in Argentina and on several species of Plantago in others world regions (1), to our knowledge, Golovinomyces sp. has not been previously reported as a pathogen of P. australis in Brazil. Although the economic impact of the disease is limited, the reduction in plant size and leaves affects biomass production used in the extraction of pharmaceutical compounds. References: (1) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series 11, 2012. (2) G. C. Sousa et al. J. Ethnopharmacol. 90:135, 2004. (3) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Powdery Mildew Caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. poae on Poa pratensis in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mo Zhu ◽  
Jie Ji ◽  
Wenqi Shi ◽  
YongFang Li
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Length Width

Poa pratensis, known as bluegrass, is a perennial grass and one of the best varieties with highly valued pasture and turf grass uses. It is widely grown on golf courses and used for lawns in squares and parks (Luo et al. 2020). During April and May 2020, powdery mildew-like signs and symptoms were observed on leaves of P. pratensis in Muye Park, Xinxiang city (35.3°N; 113.9°E), Henan Province, China. White or grayish powdery masses in spots- or coalesced lesions were abundant on the adaxial surfaces of leaves and covered up to 90 % of the leaf area. Some of the mildew-infested leaves appeared chlorotic or began senescence. Mildew-infested leaves were collected to microscopically observe the morphological characteristics of this pathogen. Conidiophores were composed of foot cells, followed by one or two cells, and conidia. The ellipsoid- shaped conidia (n = 50) were 25 - 36 × 10 - 15 μm (length × width), on average 30 × 13 μm, with a length/width ratio of 2.3. Foot-cells (n = 15) were 30 - 44 μm long and 7 - 15 μm wide. On leaf surfaces, germinated conidia produced a short primary germ tube and then a long secondary germ tube that finally differentiated into a hooked appressorium. Chasmothecia were not found. Based on these morphological characteristics, the pathogen was initially identified as B. graminis f. sp. poae, the known forma specialis (f. sp.) of B. graminis on P. pratensis (Braun and Cook 2012; Troch et al. 2014). Mycelia of the pathogen were scraped from infected leaves and total genomic DNA was isolated using the method described previously (Zhu et al. 2019). The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified applying primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990). The amplicon was cloned and sequenced by Invitrogen (Shanghai, China). The obtained sequence for the pathogen was deposited into GenBank under Accession No. MT892956 and was 100 % identical (549/549 bp) to B. graminis on P. pratensis (AB273530) (Inuma et al. 2007). In addition, the phylogenetic analysis clearly showed that the identified fungus and B. graminis f. sp. poae were clustered in the same branch. To perform pathogenicity analysis, leaf surfaces of eight healthy plants were inoculated by dusting fungal conidia from diseased leaves. Eight non-inoculated plants served as a control. The non-inoculated and inoculated plants were separately maintained in two growth chambers (humidity, 60 %; light/dark, 16 h/8 h; temperature, 18 ℃). Twelve to fourteen days after inoculation, B. graminis signs were visible on inoculated leaves, while control plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity assays were repeated twice and showed same results. Therefore, based on the morphological characteristics and molecular analysis, the pathogen was identified and confirmed as B. graminis f. sp. poae. This pathogen has been reported on P. pratensis in Switzerland and Japan (Inuma et al. 2007). This is, to our best knowledge, the first disease note reporting B. graminis on P. pratensis in China. Because the hybridization of B. graminis formae speciales (ff. spp.). allow the pathogens to adapt to new hosts, P. pratensis may serve as a primary inoculum reservoir of B. graminis to threaten other species, including cereal crops (Klingeman et al. 2018; Menardo et al. 2016). In addition, powdery mildew may negatively affect the yield and quality of grasses. Our report expands the knowledge of B. graminis f. sp. poae and provides the fundamental information for future powdery mildew control.

scholarly journals First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe diffusa, Oidium neolycopersici, and Podosphaera xanthii on Papaya in Taiwan

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 1188-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-G. Tsay ◽  
R.-S. Chen ◽  
H.-L. Wang ◽  
W.-L. Wang ◽  
B.-C. Weng
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Podosphaera Xanthii ◽  
Oidium Neolycopersici ◽  
First Report ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
The World ◽  
Golovinomyces Cichoracearum ◽  
Powdery Mildew Fungi

Powdery mildew can be found in most papaya (Carica papaya L.) fields during the winter and spring seasons in Taiwan. It usually causes severe yellowing of the leaf lamina and petiole and serious defoliation. Three types of powdery mildew fungi were isolated from papaya leaves in Chiayi City (23.28°N, 120.28°E) at the beginning of 2008. Conidia of the first one were single, globose, hyaline, and 24 to 36 × 14 to 18 μm (average 30.2 × 15.6 μm) without fibrosin bodies and with straight or occasionally flexuous conidiophores at the base. The second one had short pseudo-chains of two to four conidia which were ellipsoidal to ovoid, hyaline, and 24 to 40 × 12 to 16 μm (average 29.7 × 13.4 μm) without fibrosin bodies. The third type had chains of ellipsoidal conidia that were hyaline, 24 to 28 × 12 to 16 μm (average 26.3 × 14.4 μm) and contained fibrosin bodies. To confirm the identity of the three fungi, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primer pairs G1 (5′-TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG GAA GGA T-3′)/Ed2 (5′-CGC GTA GAG CCC ACG TCG GA-3′), G1 (5′-TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG GAA GGA T-3′)/On2 (5′-TGT GAT CCA TGT GAC TGG AA-3′), and S1 (5′-GGA TCA TTA CTG AGC GCG AGG CCC CG-3′)/S2 (5′-CGC CGC CCT GGC GCG AGA TAC A-3′). The alignment of obtained sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. GU358452, 507 bp; GU358451, 580 bp; and GU358450, 455 bp) showed a sequence identity of 100, 99, and 99% with the ITS sequences of Erysiphe diffusa, Oidium neolycopersici, and Podosphaera xanthii (GenBank Accession Nos. FJ378880, EU909694, and GQ927254), respectively. On the basis of morphological characteristics and ITS sequence similarities, these fungi were identified as E. diffusa (Cooke & Peck) U. Braun & S. Takam., O. neolycopersici L. Kiss, and P. xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & S. Takam., respectively (1,3). Single colonies on papaya leaves infected with powdery mildew were identified in the laboratory and maintained on papaya leaves as inoculum. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculations by gently pressing a single colony of each fungus onto leaves of healthy papaya seedlings (cv. Horng-Fe). Five seedlings were inoculated for each fungus and then covered with plastic bags for 2 days. Five noninoculated seedlings served as control. After inoculation, treated plants were maintained separately from the control in different rooms of a greenhouse at 25°C under natural daylight conditions. Seven days after inoculation, typical symptoms of powdery mildew were observed on inoculated plants, but not on noninoculated plants. The same species from diseased lesions following artificial inoculation with each fungus were identified with light microscopy. Papaya was previously described as a host to O. caricae Noack in many tropical and subtropical areas of the world including Taiwan (2). However E. cruciferarum, Golovinomyces cichoracearum, Oidiopsis sicula, O. caricae, O. caricae-papayae, O. caricicola, O. indicum, O. papayae, Ovulariopsis papayae, P. caricae-papayae, P. macularis, P. xanthii, and Streptopodium caricae were reported to infect papaya (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of papaya powdery mildew caused by E. diffusa and O. neolycopersici in the world and the first report of the three fungi found on papaya in Taiwan. References: (1) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia 4:1, 2000. (2) H. S. Chien and H. L. Wang. J. Agric. Res. China 33:320, 1984. (3) L. Kiss et al. Mycol. Res. 105:684, 2001. (4) J. R. Liberato et al. Mycol. Res. 108:1185, 2004.

scholarly journals First Report of Leaf Blight Caused by Septoria allii on Garlic Chives in Korea

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-147
Author(s):  
J. H. Park ◽  
S. E. Cho ◽  
K. S. Han ◽  
H. D. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
First Report

Garlic chives, Allium tuberosum Roth., are widely cultivated in Asia and are the fourth most important Allium crop in Korea. In June 2011, a leaf blight of garlic chives associated with a Septoria spp. was observed on an organic farm in Hongcheon County, Korea. Similar symptoms were also found in fields within Samcheok City and Yangku County of Korea during the 2011 and 2012 seasons. Disease incidence (percentage of plants affected) was 5 to 10% in organic farms surveyed. Diseased voucher specimens (n = 5) were deposited at the Korea University Herbarium (KUS). The disease first appeared as yellowish specks on leaves, expanding to cause a leaf tip dieback. Half of the leaves may be diseased within a week, especially during wet weather. Pycnidia were directly observed in leaf lesions. Pycnidia were amphigenous, but mostly epigenous, scattered, dark brown to rusty brown, globose, embedded in host tissue or partly erumpent, separate, unilocular, 50 to 150 μm in diameter, with ostioles of 20 to 40 μm in diameter. Conidia were acicular, straight to sub-straight, truncate at the base, obtuse at the apex, hyaline, aguttulate, 22 to 44 × 1.8 to 3 μm, mostly 3-septate, occasionally 1- or 2-septate. These morphological characteristics matched those of Septoria allii Moesz, which is differentiated from S. alliacea on conidial dimensions (50 to 60 μm long) (1,2). A monoconidial isolate was cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Two isolates have been deposited in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (Accession Nos. KACC46119 and 46688). Genomic DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Plant Mini DNA Extraction Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the ITS1/ITS4 primers and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 482-bp was deposited in GenBank (JX531648 and JX531649). ITS sequence information was at least 99% similar to those of many Septoria species, however no information was available for S. allii. Pathogenicity was tested by spraying leaves of three potted young plants with a conidial suspension (2 × 105 conidia/ml), which was harvested from a 4-week-old culture on PDA. Control leaves were sprayed with sterile water. The plants were placed in humid chambers (relative humidity 100%) for the first 48 h. After 7 days, typical leaf blight symptoms started to develop on the leaves of inoculated plants. S. allii was reisolated from the lesions of inoculated plants, confirming Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on control plants. The host-parasite association of A. tuberosum and S. allii has been known only from China (1). S. alliacea has been recorded on several species of Allium, e.g. A. cepa, A. chinense, A. fistulosum, and A. tuberosum from Japan (4) and A. cepa from Korea (3). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of S. allii on garlic chives. No diseased plants were observed in commercial fields of garlic chives which involved regular application of fungicides. The disease therefore seems to be limited to organic garlic chive production. References: (1) P. K. Chi et al. Fungous Diseases on Cultivated Plants of Jilin Province, Science Press, Beijing, China, 1966. (2) P. A. Saccardo. Sylloge Fungorum Omnium Hucusque Congnitorum. XXV. Berlin, 1931. (3) The Korean Society of Plant Pathology. List of Plant Diseases in Korea, Suwon, Korea, 2009. (4) The Phytopathological Society of Japan. Common Names of Plant Diseases in Japan, Tokyo, Japan, 2000.

scholarly journals First Report of Podosphaera xanthii Causing Powdery Mildew on Mungbean (Vigna radiata) in Taiwan

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zong-ming Sheu ◽  
Ming-hsueh Chiu ◽  
Lawrence Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
First Report ◽  
Powdery Mildew Pathogen

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is routinely grown in the experimental fields at the headquarters of the World Vegetable Center (23°6'30.88"N, 120°17'51.31"E) for breeding, research and germplasm multiplication. In a spring 2016 mungbean trial, about 50% of the plants were affected with powdery mildew. The white, powdery-like patches first appeared on the upper leaf surfaces, and soon developed to grey patches on both sides of the leaves. Purple to brown discoloration appeared on the underside of the infected leaf. Microscopy examination revealed that the causal organism was not Erysiphe polygoni, which had previously been documented as the powdery mildew pathogen on mungbean in Taiwan (Hartman et al. 1993). The fungus produced typical structures of the powdery mildew Euoidium, anamorph of the genus Podosphaera. The mycelium consisted of septate, flexuous hyphae with indistinct appressoria. The erect conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae varied from straight or slightly curved to curled. Three to ten conidia were borne in long chains with crenate edges. Foot-cells were straight, cylindrical and measured 30 to 52 µm long. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid-ovoid to barrel-shaped, with fibrosin bodies, and measured 27 to 33 (mean = 30.4) × 15 to 20 (mean = 16.6) µm. Germ tubes were clavate and occasionally forked, and were produced from the lateral sites of the conidia. No chasmothecia were found in the samples. The morphological characteristics were consistent with P. xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff (Braun & Cook 2012). To confirm the identity, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA and partialβ-tubulin gene (TUB2) for the isolate MG3 were amplified with the primers ITS4/ITS5 (White et al. 1990) and BtuF5/BtuR7a (Ellingham et al. 2019), respectively. BLASTn analysis revealed the ITS sequence (MN833717) was 100% identical to many records of P. xanthii whereas the TUB2 sequence (MW363957) was 100% identical to a record of P. fusca (syn. P. xanthii; KC333362) in NCBI GenBank. A pathogenicity test was conducted by dusting conidia from an infected leaf onto six healthy four-week-old mungbean plants (cv ‘Tainan No. 3’). Another three plants were not inoculated and were used as control. All the plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 25 to 28°C. All inoculated plants developed powdery mildew symptoms after 10 days, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. xanthii causing disease on mungbean in Taiwan. P. xanthii also has been reported on mungbean in Thailand (Meeboon et al. 2016), while other records referring to E. polygoni infecting Vigna spp. are from Brazil and Fiji (Farr & Rossman 2020). Although both P. xanthii and E. polygoni have now been reported as causing powdery mildew on mungbean in Taiwan, which species predominates or is more important remains unclear. A comprehensive survey with accurate species identification is required to develop effective management of the disease, particularly for resistance breeding.

scholarly journals First Report of Powdery Mildew on Flamboyant Tree Caused by Erysiphe quercicola in Brazil

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Dallagnol ◽  
F. R. de Castro ◽  
G. Frare ◽  
L. E. A. Camargo
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Academic Press ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Floral Buds ◽  
Erysiphe Quercicola ◽  
The Aesthetic

Flamboyant (Delonix regia) is an ornamental tree that is native to Madagascar and frequently used in gardens and parks worldwide. Powdery mildew was observed on flamboyant plants in the cities of Piracicaba and São Carlos (State of São Paulo, Brazil) during the springs of 2010 and 2011. All sampled plants (~15 plants) were affected by the disease. Affected plants had abundant, white powdery masses of conidia and mycelium on floral buds that is typical of powdery mildew, but these structures were not observed on leaves and petioles. Diseased buds were observed at all developmental stages. The fungus was identified as Erysiphe quercicola on the basis of scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Conidia were produced in short chains of four to five spores on erect conidiophores. Conidiophores were unbranched, cylindrical, 50 to 80 μm long (mean 68.8 ± 10.8 μm), composed of a cylindrical foot cell 25 to 40 μm long (mean 32.2 ± 4.9 μm), and one to two shorter cells. Conidia were ellipsoid-ovoid to subcylindrical, 22 to 37 μm long (mean 30.9 ± 4.4 μm), and 10 to 18 μm wide (mean 15.1 ± 2.8 μm). Germ tubes were produced apically and ended in a lobed appressorium. Colonizing hyphae also had a well-developed lobed appressorium. Chasmothecia were not observed on buds. DNA was extracted from conidia, conidiophores, and mycelium and used to amplify the ITS (ITS1-5.8s-ITS2) region using the ITS1 and ITS4 primers (2) and its sequence (612 nt) was deposited under Accession No. JQ034229 in the GenBank. Searches with the BLASTn algorithm revealed 100% similarity with E. quercicola from oak (Accession Nos. AB292693.1, AB292691.1, and AB292690.1) (1). To fulfill Koch's postulates, 10 detached young floral buds, 0.4 to 0.8 cm in diameter, were inoculated with five to eight conidia collected on floral buds using an eyelash brush. Inoculated buds were placed on moistened filter paper in petri dishes. The negative control consisted of noninoculated young floral buds. Inoculated and noninoculated buds were incubated in a growth chamber at 25°C and a 12-h photoperiod. Powdery mildew structures were observed 6 to 8 days after inoculation. To our knowledge, E. quercicola has not been reported previously as a pathogen of flamboyant tree since there is no record in the Erysipahales database ( http://erysiphales.wsu.edu/ ). Although the economic impact of the disease is limited, its incidence might induce the abortion of floral buds and accelerate the senescence of flowers, thus reducing the aesthetic value of the trees. References: (1) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol Res. 111:809, 2007. (2) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

scholarly journals Ethnobotanical profiles of wild edible plants recorded from Mongolia by Yunatov during 1940–1951

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanying Zhang ◽  
Wurhan ◽  
Sachula ◽  
Yongmei ◽  
Khasbagan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Wild Edible Plants ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Edible Plants ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Wild Fruits

AbstractMongolian traditional botanical knowledge has been rarely researched concerning the ethnobotany theory and methodology in the last six decades (Pei in Acta Botanica Yunnanica 135–144, 1988, as reported (Martin in Ethnobotany: A methods manual, Chapman and Hall, 1995)). However, most of the known literature of indigenous knowledge and information regarding the use of local wild plants among Mongolian herders was first documented by several botanical research of Russian researchers in Mongolia through the 1940s and 1950s. One of the most comprehensive works was completed by A. A. Yunatov (1909–1967), which is known as “Fodder Plants of Pastures and Hayfields of the People’s Republic of Mongolia” (FPM). Yunatov’s research sampled forage plants in Mongolia from 1940 to 1951 and subsequently published a study in 1954. The original transcript of FPM was later translated into Chinese and Mongolian (Cyrillic alphabet) during 1958 and 1968. In addition to morphological characteristics, distribution, habitat, phenology, palatability, and nutrition of forage plants, Yunatov`s record collected local names, the folk understanding and evaluation of the forage, as well as other relevant cultural meanings and the use of local wild plants (collected from the wild as opposed to cultivated plants) in FPM through interviews. The book contains the most precious records created in the 1940s and 1950s on folk knowledge of the Mongolians' wild plants in Mongolia. It was composed of 8 chapters and 351 pages in total. The fifth chapter of FPM, entitled “The systematic overview of forage plants,” making up 272 pages (77.49% of the total page counts). The order and content of the book-oriented along with profiles of specific plants. Yunatov collected detailed information on plants, such as the local name, morphology, distribution, habitats, ecological characteristics, and phenology. He also discussed the palatability of livestock, particular forage use, other usages, and chemical composition. Through careful reading and understanding of all three versions of the book (in Russian, Chinese, and Mongolian (Cyrillic alphabet)), the FPM-listed information of edible plants was categorized using ethnobotanical dependent analysis. The list of edible plants was ranked based on purposes and ethnobotanical inventories as per methodology and analysis used in the ethnobotany research. FPM listed 35 species are part of 15 families and 25 genera of wild edible plants. Most species belong to Liliaceae and Allium. Naturally grown grain and some food substitutes (plants that could be used as substitutions for typical food) come from the starchy organs, such as seeds, bulbs, roots, and rhizomes of 12, accounting for 34.28% of all species. Wild vegetables come from the parts of a young plant, tender leaves, young fruits, lower leg of stems, and bulbs of 9 species, accounting for 25.71% of all species. There are only three species of wild fruits, accounting for 8.57% of all edible plant species. Tea substitutes consist of leaves, roots, follicle, and aboveground parts of 8 wild plant species, accounting for 22.85% of all species. Seasonings from the wild were made of the elements such as seeds, rhizomes, tender leaves of 7 species, accounting for 20.00% of all species (Fig,8). Similarities and differences are noticeable in utilizing wild edible plants among Mongolian populations living in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. Six species of wild edible plants listed in FPM have been proven to be collected and consumed by Mongolians from the Genghis Khan era in the twelfth century to the present day. This proved that the Mongolians have a tradition of recognizing and utilizing wild plants, demonstrating historical and theoretical value. Seven species of plants mentioned in this book were closely correlated to the locals' processing of traditional dairy products, meat, and milk food. Yunatov was not an ethnobotanist, but his accurate documentation of interviews and surveys with Mongolians represents valuable information about the collection and consumption of local wild plants during 1940–1951 in Mongolia. His research mission meant to focus on forage grass, the feed plant that sustained livestock, while he also recorded plants consumed by humans. His records on the edible parts and intake methods of some plants are incomplete. Still, it provided ethnobotanical materials of a remarkable scientific value and a living history of ethnobotany in Mongolian regions. Even by today`s standards, it will be challenging to obtain first-hand information of the richness and to the extent of Yunatov’s research.

scholarly journals Fungi causing powdery mildew on plants of a Botanical Garden in Southern Finland

Karstenia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Ville J. Heiskanen ◽  
Jari P. T. Valkonen
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Its Sequencing ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Fungi that cause powdery mildew on plants are plant pathogenic parasites (<em>Erysiphales</em>) and can significantly reduce the ornamental value of plants and cause significant yield losses among cultivated plants. In this study, 94 plant accessions infected with powdery mildew were observed in Kumpula Botanic Garden, Helsinki, Finland, in 2015. The taxonomic affiliation and species richness of powdery mildew fungi were investigated. Morphological studies by microscope distinguished only 14 fungal species, whereas further comparisons of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences enabled the identification of 28 species. Hence, ITS sequencing improved the reliability of species determination, as compared with the use of morphological characteristics only. The vegetation in an area of six hectares supported a wide range of fungi that cause powdery mildew as well as hyperparasitic microbes, which may balance the impact of pathogens in host plants. The findings of this study emphasize the role of botanical gardens in protecting biological diversity in urban areas.

scholarly journals First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera xanthii (syn. P. fusca) on Cocklebur in Korea

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 842-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Podosphaera Xanthii ◽  
First Report ◽  
Rdna Its ◽  
Causal Fungus ◽  
Powdery Mildew Pathogen

Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L., Asteraceae) is an annual broadleaf weed native to the Americas and eastern Asia. The plant is known as one of the worst competitive weeds in soybean fields and also is known to have some phytopharmacological or toxicological properties. In October 2011, a powdery mildew disease was observed on cocklebur growing in a natural landscape at Geomun Oreum located in Jeju Island, South Korea. Initial signs appeared as thin white colonies, which subsequently developed abundant growth on adaxial leaf surfaces. As the disease progressed, brown discoloration extended down infected leaves which withered. Conidia were formed singly and terminally on conidiophores. Primary conidia (20.3 to 28.6 [average 25.1] μm long × 11.1 to 15.2 [14.3] μm wide, n = 30) were ellipsoid with a round apex and truncate base. Conidiophores were straight or slightly curved and 60.1 to 101.7 (97.3) μm long × 8.2 to 13.2 (11.3) μm wide. Chasmothecia were not observed. No fibrosin bodies were observed in the conidia. Morphological characteristics were consistent with descriptions of Podosphaera xanthii (syn. P. fusca) (2,4). To confirm the identity of the causal fungus, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region inclusive of 5.8S and 28S rDNA was amplified from white patches consisting of mycelia and conidia on one leaf using ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and LR5F (5′-GCTATCCTGAGGGAAAC-3′), and LROR (5′-ACCCGCTGAACTTAAGC-3′) and LR5F primer sets, respectively. The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. JX502022 and JX964999). A NCBI BLASTn search revealed that the rDNA ITS (JX502022) and 28S (JX964999) homologies of isolate EML-XSPW1 represented 99.6% (512/514) and 100% (803/803) identity values with those of P. xanthii (AB040330 and AB462792, respectively). The rDNA ITS and 28S sequence analysis revealed that the causal fungus clustered with P. xanthii (syn. P. fusca), falling into the Xanthii/Fusca phylogenetic group (2,4). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculations made by gently pressing infected leaves onto mature leaves of healthy cocklebur plants in the field in August. The six inoculated leaves were sealed in sterilized vinyl bags to maintain humid conditions for 2 days. Seven days after inoculation, symptoms similar to those observed under natural infection were observed on the inoculated plant leaves. No symptoms developed on the uninoculated control plants. A fungal pathogen that was morphologically identical to the fungus originally observed on diseased plants was also observed on inoculated plants. Erysiphe cichoracearum, E. communis, Oidium asteris-punicei, O. xanthimi, P. xanthii, and P. fuliginea have all been reported to cause powdery mildew on cocklebur (1). P. xanthii was first reported on X. strumarium in Russia (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew on cocklebur caused by P. xanthii in Korea. The powdery mildew pathogen may represent an option for biocontrol of the noxious weed in the near future. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases , December 11, 2012. (2) H. B. Lee. J. Microbiol. 51:1075, 2012. (3) V. A. Rusanov and T. S. Bulgakov. Mikol. Fitopatol. 42:314, 2008. (4) S. Takamatsu et al. Persoonia 24:38, 2010.

scholarly journals First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Oidium hortensiae on Mophead Hydrangea in Korea

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 1072-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Park ◽  
S. E. Cho ◽  
J. H. Park ◽  
S. K. Lee ◽  
H. D. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Polyethylene Film ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
First Report ◽  
Close Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Powdery Mildew Disease

Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser., known as mophead hydrangea, is native to Japan and is used as a potted ornamental or is planted for landscaping in gardens worldwide. In May 2011, powdery mildew occurred on potted mophead hydrangea cv. Emerald plants in polyethylene-film-covered greenhouses in Icheon, Korea. Heavily infected plantings were unmarketable, mainly due to purplish red discoloration and crinkling of leaves. Such powdery mildew symptoms on mophead hydrangea in gardens had been often found in Korea since 2001, and the collections (n = 10) were deposited in the Korea University herbarium (KUS). In all cases, there was no trace of chasmothecia formation. Mycelium was effuse on both sides of leaves, young stems, and flower petals. Appressoria were well developed, lobed, and solitary or in opposite pairs. Conidiophores were cylindrical, 70 to 145 × 7.5 to 10 μm, and composed of three to four cells. Foot-cells of conidiophores were straight to sub-straight, cylindric, short, and mostly less than 30 μm long. Conidia produced singly were ellipsoid to oval, 32 to 50 × 14 to 22 μm with a length/width ratio of 1.7 to 2.8, lacked fibrosin bodies, and showed angular/rectangular wrinkling of outer walls. Germ tubes were produced on the perihilar position of conidia. Primary conidia were apically conical, basally rounded to subtruncate, 32 to 42 × 14 to 18 μm, and thus generally smaller than the secondary conidia. The morphological characteristics are consistent with previous descriptions of Oidium hortensiae Jørst. (3,4). To confirm the identification, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA from KUS-F25514 was amplified with primers ITS5 and P3 and directly sequenced. The resulting sequence of 694 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JQ669944). There was no ITS sequence data known from powdery mildews on Hydrangea. Therefore, this is the first sequence of O. hortensiae submitted to GenBank. Nevertheless, a GenBank BLAST search of this sequence showed >99% similarity with those of Oidium spp. recorded on crassulacean hosts (e.g. GenBank Accession Nos. EU185641 ex Sedum, EU185636 ex Echeveria, and EU185639 ex Dudleya) (2), suggesting their close phylogenetic relationship. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of five healthy potted mophead hydrangea cv. Emerald plants. Five noninoculated plants of the same cultivar served as controls. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 22 ± 2°C. Inoculated plants developed signs and symptoms after 6 days, whereas the control plants remained healthy. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Occurrence of powdery mildew disease on mophead hydrangea is circumglobal (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew disease caused by O. hortensiae on mophead hydrangea in Korea. Powdery mildew infections in Korea pose a serious threat to the continued production of quality potted mophead hydrangea in polyethylene-film-covered greenhouses. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved March 19, 2012, from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ . (2) B. Henricot. Plant Pathol. 57:779, 2008. (3) A. Schmidt and M. Scholler. Mycotaxon 115:287, 2011. (4) S. Tanda. J. Agric. Sci. Tokyo Univ. Agric. 43:253, 1999.

scholarly journals First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces sonchicola on Ixeris chinensis in Korea

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 999-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Choi ◽  
B. S. Kim ◽  
S. H. Hong ◽  
S. E. Cho ◽  
H. D. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
First Report ◽  
Powdery Mildews

Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai, known as Chinese ixeris, is distributed from Siberia to Japan, including Korea, Taiwan, and China. The whole plant has been used in folk medicine in Asia (4). In Korea, the plants of Chinese ixeris have been gathered and used as a wild root vegetable. During summer to autumn of 2011, Chinese ixeris leaves were found to be heavily infected with a powdery mildew in several locations of Korea. Symptoms first appeared as thin white colonies, which subsequently developed into abundant hyphal growth on both sides of the leaves, leading to drying of the leaves. The same symptoms on Chinese ixeris leaves were continuously observed in 2012 and 2013. Voucher specimens (n = 10) were deposited at Korea University Herbarium (KUS). Hyphal appressoria were moderately lobed or nipple-shaped. Conidiophores arose from the lateral part of the hyphae, measured 100 to 270 × 10 to 12.5 μm, and produced 2 to 6 immature conidia in chains with a sinuate outline. Basal parts of foot-cells in conidiophores were curved. Conidia were barrel-shaped to ellipsoid, measured 26 to 36 × 13 to 19 μm (length/width ratio = 1.7 to 2.4), lacked fibrosin bodies, and showed reticulate wrinkling of the outer walls. Primary conidia were ovate with conical-obtuse apex and subtruncate base. Germ tubes were produced on the perihilar position of conidia. Chasmothecia were not observed. The morphological characteristics were typical of the Euoidium type anamorph of the genus Golovinomyces, and the fungus measurements and structures were consistent with those of G. sonchicola U. Braun & R.T.A. Cook (1). To confirm the identification, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA sequences from a representative material (KUS-F26212) was amplified using primers ITS5/P3 and sequenced (3). The resulting 416-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KF819857). A GenBank BLAST search revealed that the isolate showed >99% sequence similarity with those of G. cichoracearum from Sonchus spp. (e.g., AB453762, AF011296, JQ010848, etc.). G. sonchicola is currently confined to G. cichoracearum s. lat. on Sonchus spp., based on molecular sequence analyses (1). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing a diseased leaf onto leaves of five healthy potted Chinese ixeris. Five non-inoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated plants developed symptoms after 6 days, whereas the controls remained symptomless. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was identical morphologically to that originally observed on diseased plants. Powdery mildew infections of I. chinensis associated with Golovinomyces have been known in China (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew disease caused by G. sonchicola on I. chinensis in Korea. Farming of Chinese ixeris has recently started on a commercial scale in Korea. Though no statistical data are available, we postulate the cultivation area in Korea to be approximately 200 ha, mostly growing without chemical controls. Occurrence of powdery mildews poses a potential threat to safe production of this vegetable, especially in organic farming. References: (1) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No.11. CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (2) F. L. Tai. Bull. Chinese Bot. Sci. 2:16, 1936. (3) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009. (4) S. J. Zhang et al. J. Nat. Prod. 69:1425, 2006.

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