scholarly journals Fungi causing powdery mildew on plants of a Botanical Garden in Southern Finland

Karstenia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Ville J. Heiskanen ◽  
Jari P. T. Valkonen
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Its Sequencing ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Fungi that cause powdery mildew on plants are plant pathogenic parasites (<em>Erysiphales</em>) and can significantly reduce the ornamental value of plants and cause significant yield losses among cultivated plants. In this study, 94 plant accessions infected with powdery mildew were observed in Kumpula Botanic Garden, Helsinki, Finland, in 2015. The taxonomic affiliation and species richness of powdery mildew fungi were investigated. Morphological studies by microscope distinguished only 14 fungal species, whereas further comparisons of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences enabled the identification of 28 species. Hence, ITS sequencing improved the reliability of species determination, as compared with the use of morphological characteristics only. The vegetation in an area of six hectares supported a wide range of fungi that cause powdery mildew as well as hyperparasitic microbes, which may balance the impact of pathogens in host plants. The findings of this study emphasize the role of botanical gardens in protecting biological diversity in urban areas.

scholarly journals Planning the Urban Waterfront Transformation, from Infrastructures to Public Space Design in a Sea-Level Rise Scenario: The European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture Case

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Francesca Dal Cin ◽  
Fransje Hooimeijer ◽  
Maria Matos Silva
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Space Design ◽  
Urban Waterfront ◽  
Mies Van Der Rohe ◽  
The Impact

Future sea-level rises on the urban waterfront of coastal and riverbanks cities will not be uniform. The impact of floods is exacerbated by population density in nearshore urban areas, and combined with land conversion and urbanization, the vulnerability of coastal towns and public spaces in particular is significantly increased. The empirical analysis of a selected number of waterfront projects, namely the winners of the Mies Van Der Rohe Prize, highlighted the different morphological characteristics of public spaces, in relation to the approximation to the water body: near the shoreline, in and on water. The critical reading of selected architectures related to water is open to multiple insights, allowing to shift the design attention from the building to the public space on the waterfronts. The survey makes it possible to delineate contemporary features and lay the framework for urban development in coastal or riverside areas.

IMPACT OF DIGITAL MARKETING: THE PRESENT SCENARIO IN TELANGANA STATE – AN EMPERICAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (65) ◽  
pp. 15164-15172
Author(s):  
S. Pratap ◽  
Aziz Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Rural And Remote ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rural And Remote Areas ◽  
Telangana State ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

In present scenario of COVID-19, the effect of pandemic on Digital Marketing is visible not only in urban areas but also in rural areas. Customers are searching for various products and services through Google by which they can purchase wide range of products and services to fill their needs and desires at relatively low price. The freedom to select numerous products is available by browsing various websites. Hence this study focuses on Impact of digital marketing particularly in the selected rural areas of Telangana state. This state been formed recently but in the IT sector it is receiving much attention throughout the globe, as many MNC’s are establishing their operations in this state. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this study to find out how the Impact of digital marketing is trickling down in the rural and remote areas of newly formed Telangana state. Hence this study focuses the impact of digital marketing in the selected areas of Telangana state.

scholarly journals Flood Hazard Assessment of the Urban Area of Tabuk City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by Integrating Spatial-Based Hydrologic and Hydrodynamic Modeling

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf Abdelkarim ◽  
Ahmed Gaber ◽  
Ahmed Youssef ◽  
Biswajeet Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Hydraulic Modeling ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Flood Hazards ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
The Impact

This study deals with the use of remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GISs), hydrologic modeling (water modeling system, WMS), and hydraulic modeling (Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System, HEC-RAS) to evaluate the impact of flash flood hazards on the sustainable urban development of Tabuk City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Determining the impact of flood hazards on the urban area and developing alternatives for protection and prevention measures were the main aims of this work. Tabuk City is exposed to frequent flash flooding due to its location along the outlets of five major wadis. These wadis frequently carry flash floods, seriously impacting the urban areas of the city. WMS and HEC-HMS models and RS data were used to determine the paths and morphological characteristics of the wadis, the hydrographic flow of different drainage basins, flow rates and volumes, and the expansion of agricultural and urban areas from 1998 to 2018. Finally, hydraulic modeling of the HEC-RAS program was applied to delineate the urban areas that could be inundated with floodwater. Ultimately, the most suitable remedial measures are proposed to protect the future sustainable urban development of Tabuk City from flood hazards. This approach is rarely used in the KSA. We propose a novel method that could help decision-makers and planners in determining inundated flood zones before planning future urban and agricultural development in the KSA.

SOIL CONDITIONS OF FOREST VEGETATION GROWTH OF NORTHERN VOLGA

10.12737/3822 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
Жубрин ◽  
Denis Zhubrin ◽  
Сабиров ◽  
Ayrat Sabirov
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Conducting soil studies are relevant in determining the subordination of forest types and biodiversity of vegetation to soil taxa, in determining the dependence of basic forest stand productivity from soil conditions, in creating a land registry and economic assessment of forest land, in studying the soil evolution of forest plantations under the impact of anthropogenic influences. Soil is the most important environmental factor in shaping the productivity and biodiversity of forest phytocenosis. The study of forest soils is also important in terms of basic research of their genesis, evolution. The article presents the results of research of soil conditions of vegetation growth of forest ecosystems of northern regions of Volga of the Republic of Tatarstan. The main types of forest soils are characterized in the paper. The studied forest formations grow on various soils on genesis and forest vegetation properties: sod-podzol, gray forest, brown forest, brown forest sandy, alluvial meadow, rendziny soil. The granulometric structure of soils varies from sandy to the clay. The well structured soils are formed on loamy layers under forest phytocenosis canopy. Pine and spruce ecosystems have a medi-decomposed litter of moder and multi-moder types; linden, oak, birch and aspen biogeocoenoses have strong-decomposed litter of multi type, that characterizes the intense biological cycle of substances in forest ecosystems. The wide range of place conditions of territories causes the biological diversity of forest vegetation at the level of species and ecosystems.

scholarly journals First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces sp. on Plantago australis in Brazil

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-421
Author(s):  
L. J. Dallagnol ◽  
F. R. de Castro ◽  
E. N. Garcia ◽  
L. E. A. Camargo
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Galium Aparine ◽  
Galium Spurium

The plantain Plantago australis Lam. (Plantaginaceae) is a herbaceous species native to southern Brazil that is known for the analgesic, antibiotic, and anti-inflammatory properties of its leaf extracts (2). Powdery mildew was observed on wild P. australis plants in the cities of Tapejara, Jari, and Santa Maria (State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) during the summer of 2011. Affected plants were more often observed in shaded areas. Signs included sparse to abundant white powdery masses of conidia and mycelium on pseudo-petioles and leaves, mostly on the adaxial surface. Severely affected plants (≥80% of foliar area affected) had small chlorotic leaves and reduced size compared to healthy ones. Mycelia were superficial and presented nipple-shaped appressoria. Conidiophores were often curved at the base, unbranched, cylindrical, 81 to 125 μm long (average 97.3 ± 14.9 μm) and composed of a cylindrical foot cell 52 to 73 μm long (average 65.4 ± 7.5 μm) and 9 to 14 μm wide (average 11.6 ± 1.5 μm) followed by one to two shorter cells 17 to 29 μm long (average 23.4 ± 3.6 μm). Conidia were produced in chains of up to eight cells, did not contain fibrosin bodies, ranged from ellipsoid-ovoid to subcylindrical, and measured 24 to 35 μm long (average 30.5 ± 3.7 μm) and 12 to 19 μm wide (average 15.8 ± 1.7 μm). Germ tubes were produced apically (reticuloidium type). Chasmothecia were not observed on sampled leaves. Genomic DNA was extracted from conidia, conidiophores, and mycelium and used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) (ITS1-5.8s-ITS2) region using the ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The resulting sequence (558 bp) was deposited under accession number JX312220 in GenBank. Searches with the BLASTn algorithm revealed similarity of 100% with Golovinomyces orontii (Castagne) V.P. Heluta 1988 from Veronica arvensis L. (AB077652.1) (3), 99% with G. orontii from Galium spurium L. and Galium aparine L. (AB430818.1 and AB430813.1) (2) and 99% with G. sordidus (L. Junell) V.P. Heluta 1988 from P. lanceolata L. (AB077665.1) (3). Based on morphological characteristics and sequence analysis of the ITS region, the fungus was identified as belonging to Golovinomyces sp. To fulfill Koch's postulates, five cultivated plants of P. australis with four to five expanded leaves were inoculated by dusting conidia (10 to 15 conidia cm–2) on their leaves. Inoculated and non-inoculated control plants were kept in a greenhouse at 27 ± 5°C and relative humidity of 80 ± 15%. Powdery mildew symptoms identical to those of wild plants were observed 8 to 10 days after in inoculated plants. Although G. sordidus was previously reported on P. australis subsp. hirtella in Argentina and on several species of Plantago in others world regions (1), to our knowledge, Golovinomyces sp. has not been previously reported as a pathogen of P. australis in Brazil. Although the economic impact of the disease is limited, the reduction in plant size and leaves affects biomass production used in the extraction of pharmaceutical compounds. References: (1) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series 11, 2012. (2) G. C. Sousa et al. J. Ethnopharmacol. 90:135, 2004. (3) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009.

scholarly journals Correlative Evaluation of the Impact of Adaptive Plant Morphology on Bioactive Accumulation Based on Micro-Morphological Studies in Andrographis serpyllifolia (Rottler ex Vahl) Wight

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-273
Author(s):  
Suma KRISHNASWAMY ◽  
Bopaiah A. KUSHALAPPA
Keyword(s):  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Peninsular India ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
The Impact

Does the adaptive plant morphology actually hint at its potential bioactive profile? To understand and decipher this, a micro-morphological investigation was conducted on an arid zone plant. Andrographis serpyllifolia (Rohl.ex.vahl.) Wight is a slightly bitter, acrid endemic herb with fair history of ethno-botanical use among different tribes of peninsular India. A. serpyllifolia was a highly evolved geophyte well-suited for high survivability in extremely harsh terrain. This plant was found to grow and perpetuate successfully under high-stress conditions of water deficit, high soil and atmospheric temperatures, poor nutrition and constant threat from herbivores. Under such circumstances, this plant possessed the potential to develop morphological adaptations that produce and accumulate a wide range of phytochemicals that could preserve, protect and defend its plant body. The twin objectives of this study were to investigate the micro-morphological features and their functional advantage that enabled the plant to flourish in adverse conditions and interpret by deductive reasoning, the potential phytochemical array of this plant given the observed features. Scanning electron microscope was used to explore surface morphologies of various vegetative and floral parts. Key findings of this micro-morphological study were presence of numerous diacytic stomata on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, abundant glandular sessile trichomes on abaxial leaf surfaces, reticulate pollen ornamentation with echinate sulcus outlined with smooth morus and deeply reticulate, highly pitted spermoderm or seed testa reminiscent of human brain. These three features may serve as pharmacognostic markers aiding in accurate identification and quality control of this herb.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Characteristics of Major Depression of Hospitalized Patients in Psychiatric Hospital “Demir Hisar” – Demir Hisar for a Five Year Period from 2013 to 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (A) ◽  
pp. 378-384
Author(s):  
Biljana Iliev ◽  
Dimitar Bonevski ◽  
Andromahi Naumovska
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND: Severe depression is a mental disorder with a wide range of changes in psychic functions, primarily of affectivity, and is manifested by dysphoric mood and reductive changes in cognitive, conative, and other psychic dynamics, with the presence of psychosomatic complaints and suicidal thoughts. There is always a triad of symptoms: Alteration of affectivity, anhedonia, and low energy with fatigue, but in her clinical picture, there are other symptoms, such as feeling guilty and helpless, obsessed with “black thoughts” with loss of confidence in themselves, with hopelessness, loss of appetite, and weight loss with present insomnia or hypersomnia, and more frequent thinking about death due to the feeling of worthlessness of life. This mental illness covers a vast area of the affective life of a human with a broad spectrum classified by ICD - 10- F 32, F 32.2, and F 32.3. AIM: The main goal is to determine the total number of patients with the major depression treated at “Demir Hisar” Psychiatric Hospital for a period of 5 years, retrospectively in 2013 until 2017 and to determine the impact of socio-demographic variables as risk factors and predictors. METHODS: The study is retrospective, and the necessary parameters for achieving the goals of the research are provided by analyzing the medical histories of all hospitalized patients treated in psychiatric hospitals Demir Hisar in the period from 2013 to 2017. Incidence rates and indexes of the dynamics of hospitalized patients with major depression were determined. RESULTS: About 61.8% of the patients are men and 38.2% women. Patients with no education and elementary school were 64.5% versus patients with high school and university 35.5% and are significantly underpowered. Regarding the employment status, 38.2% of patients are unemployed, and 61.8% of patients are employed. According to the cross-sectional study, 64.7% of men without education have severe depression and live in the city, and 53.3% of women with secondary education live in urban areas (city), meaning rural residence is associated with a reduced rate of severe depression. CONCLUSION: We can conclude that socio-demographic characteristics – age, gender, marital status, level of education, employment/unemployment status, and place of residence are related to the severity of depression.

scholarly journals A successful 3-D seismic survey over Bahrain Island

GeoArabia ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-672
Author(s):  
Jean-Jacques Postel ◽  
Abdul Nabi Mukhtar ◽  
Philippe Feugère
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
Recording Equipment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Petroleum Company ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Environmental constraints are critical issues for land seismic operations and require the development of appropriate equipment and methods. In 1998, Compagnie Générale de Géophysique (CGG) acquired and processed seamless seismic data on behalf of the Bahrain Petroleum Company (Bapco) from a complex field on the Island of Bahrain. The operation ran smoothly in spite of the difficulty of working amongst pipelines, wells, and other oil and gas installations; scarps and sabkhas; urban areas; a zoo, golf course, and racecourse; an oil refinery and aluminum smelter; and other industrial and commercial facilities. The survey deployed a wide range of recording equipment including two sets of vibrators and a combination of radio and cable telemetry recording systems, and a fleet-management system. The successful completion of the survey was achieved through dedicated teamwork. The key elements were as follows: (1) collecting the correct baseline information; (2) detailed planning of the timeframe, human and material resources, adaptation of acquisition techniques to varying circumstances, and health and safety requirements; (3) continuous monitoring of external conditions and the impact of the operation on the environment, in full consultation with the appropriate authorities; (4) maximum flexibility in the field operations so as to allow for changing conditions and unforeseen events; and (5) close partnership between CGG and Bapco at all stages of the project. A joint CGG/Bapco team designed sophisticated processing methods, with top priority being given to the numerous surface heterogeneities. In particular, the recording of an intensive up-hole survey allowed a dedicated team at CGG in France to compute a robust subsurface model and a precise set of primary statics. Seven velocity layers from the Quaternary sandstone to the base of the calcareous and dolomitic Eocene were mapped. These showed significant lateral and vertical velocity variations within identified geological units. Surface-consistent signal processing with calibration to well data was used to compensate for the variations. Other critical processing steps included detailed velocity control, the application of dip moveout routines with acquisition-irregularity-compensation schemes, Radon demultiples and 3-D algorithms, designed for optimal de-noising and imaging. These combined efforts led to the delivery of a final 3-D migrated block. As a result, a complete reinterpretation of the area was possible that significantly increased the estimated recoverable oil reserves (particularly by-passed oil) in the Awali field.

scholarly journals LES Analysis of the Aerodynamic Surface Properties for Turbulent Flows over Building Arrays with Various Geometries

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1692-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromasa Nakayama ◽  
Tetsuya Takemi ◽  
Haruyasu Nagai
Keyword(s):  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Roughness Parameters ◽  
Building Height ◽  
Roughness Elements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aerodynamic Roughness

AbstractThis paper describes aerodynamic roughness properties for turbulent flows over various building arrays that represent realistic urban surface geometries. First, building morphological characteristics such as roughness density λf and building height variability Vh, defined respectively as the ratio of total frontal area of roughness elements to the total surface area and the ratio of standard deviation in building height to the average building height of the study site, were investigated. Next, large-eddy simulations (LESs) of turbulent flows over building arrays were performed with various surface geometries characterized by a wide range of values for both λf and Vh, based on this building morphological analysis. Third, aerodynamic roughness parameters such as roughness length z0 and drag coefficient were evaluated for the central Tokyo area from the values of z0 and Vh using the LES results. The values of z0 and as a function of both λf and Vh were comparable to those found in earlier studies. The values of z0 and evaluated by a conventional method using only λf were underestimated, particularly for densely built-up areas. This indicates that the present approach to estimating aerodynamic roughness parameters, taking account of both roughness density and building height variability, is more appropriate than conventional approaches when applied to actual urban areas. The roughness aerodynamic parameters as a function of λf and Vh obtained from the LES results will be useful in incorporating urban effects into weather forecasting models.

scholarly journals Impact of human disturbances on soil cyanobacteria diversity and distribution in suburban arid area of Marrakesh, Morocco

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Hakkoum ◽  
F. Minaoui ◽  
M. Douma ◽  
K. Mouhri ◽  
M. Loudiki
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Human Disturbances ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Cyanobacteria

Abstract Background Cyanobacteria are among the first photoautotrophic component of soil microorganism communities which play a key ecological role in nutrient cycles and soil productivity. However, the sustainability of these soil biodiversity ecosystem services is increasingly compromised, especially in urban and peri-urban areas where soils are heavily exploited and used for a wide range of human activities. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of different types of human disturbances on cyanobacteria diversity and distribution in suburban soils of Marrakesh. Soil and cyanobacteria sampling were carried out during two campaigns at six sites located along an anthropogenic gradient from the least urbanized suburbs of Marrakesh to the highly anthropized suburban area. In the laboratory, soil physicochemical characteristics were measured. The morphological identification of cyanobacteria species was based both on microscopic observation and on soil cultures in solid and liquid Z8 media. Results The results showed a total of 25 cyanobacteria taxa belonging to ten genera, four families, and two orders (Oscillatoriales 88% and Chroococcales 12% of taxa). Among the taxa identified, seven strains were isolated in soil culture in nutrient media and purified in monoalgal culture. The highest cyanobacterial diversity was recorded in irrigated soil with treated wastewater compared to the non-cultivated control soil. In Principal Component and Cluster Analysis, suburban soils were subdivided into three groups depending on the chemical properties and cyanobacteria composition. Cyanobacteria diversity was significantly associated with the soil moisture, total organic carbon (TOC), PO4-P, NO3-N, and NH4-N contents. Conclusions While diversity and microalgal biomass were significantly lower in the soils affected by municipal and mining solid wastes, the input of organic matter and nutrients from treated wastewater appears to be beneficial for the increasing of the biodiversity of soil cyanobacteria. This survey provides a first inventory of the soil cyanobacterial communities and shows their spatial variability and high sensitivity to the land-use practices and anthropogenic disturbances on urban soil in Moroccan drylands.

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