Genetic Diversity of Xylella fastidiosa in Mexican Vineyards

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. PDIS-09-20-1900
Author(s):  
Andrés Aguilar-Granados ◽  
Bárbara Hernández-Macías ◽  
Guillermo Santiago-Martínez ◽  
Roberto Ruiz-Medrano ◽  
Luis Kameyama-Kawabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Phytopathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Northern Mexico

Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-inhabiting phytopathogenic bacterium that affects diverse agriculturally relevant crops. In Mexico, X. fastidiosa has been reported in the states of Baja California, Coahuila, and Querétaro. In order to determine the genetic diversity of this bacterium in Mexico, 408 grapevine samples were collected from the main producing states in México. For X. fastidiosa identification, real-time PCR and three-loci end-point PCR were employed. The genotyping of the subspecies was carried out using multilocus sequence typing and analysis, based on seven housekeeping genes: leuA, petC, malF, cysG, holC, nuoL, and gltT. The resulting sequences were compared with those present in extant databases. The presence of X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa in the states of Baja California (sequence type 1), Coahuila (sequence type 1), and Querétaro was confirmed. The isolates from northern Mexico bear high similarity to grapevine isolates from the United States. However, the isolates from Querétaro showed significant differences with currently known sequences, showing that there is genetic variability among the X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa populations from grapevines in northern and central Mexico.

scholarly journals Determination of Molecular Phylogenetics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains by Multilocus Sequence Typing

2008 ◽  
Vol 190 (8) ◽  
pp. 2831-2840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narjol González-Escalona ◽  
Jaime Martinez-Urtaza ◽  
Jaime Romero ◽  
Romilio T. Espejo ◽  
Lee-Ann Jaykus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetics ◽  
Clonal Complex ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Mlst Scheme

ABSTRACT Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important human pathogen whose transmission is associated with the consumption of contaminated seafood. There is a growing public health concern due to the emergence of a pandemic strain causing severe outbreaks worldwide. Many questions remain unanswered regarding the evolution and population structure of V. parahaemolyticus. In this work, we describe a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for V. parahaemolyticus based on the internal fragment sequences of seven housekeeping genes. This MLST scheme was applied to 100 V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from geographically diverse clinical (n = 37) and environmental (n = 63) sources. The sequences obtained from this work were deposited and are available in a public database (http://pubmlst.org/vparahaemolyticus ). Sixty-two unique sequence types were identified, and most (50) were represented by a single isolate, suggesting a high level of genetic diversity. Three major clonal complexes were identified by eBURST analysis. Separate clonal complexes were observed for V. parahaemolyticus isolates originating from the Pacific and Gulf coasts of the United States, while a third clonal complex consisted of strains belonging to the pandemic clonal complex with worldwide distribution. The data reported in this study indicate that V. parahaemolyticus is genetically diverse with a semiclonal population structure and an epidemic structure similar to that of Vibrio cholerae. Genetic diversity in V. parahaemolyticus appears to be driven primarily by frequent recombination rather than mutation, with recombination ratios estimated at 2.5:1 and 8.8:1 by allele and site, respectively. Application of this MLST scheme to more V. parahaemolyticus strains and by different laboratories will facilitate production of a global picture of the epidemiology and evolution of this pathogen.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Xylella fastidiosa genetic diversity by fAFPL markers

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Takeshi Kishi ◽  
Ester Wickert ◽  
Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo Lemos
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Bacterial Typing ◽  
Phytopathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Different Strains

The first phytopathogenic bacterium with its DNA entirely sequenced is being detected and isolated from different host plants in several geographic regions. Although it causes diseases in cultures of economic importance, such as citrus, coffee, and grapevine little is known about the genetic relationships among different strains. Actually, all strains are grouped as a single species, Xylella fastidiosa, despite colonizing different hosts, developing symptoms, and different physiological and microbiological observed conditions. The existence of genetic diversity among X. fastidiosa strains was detected by different methodological techniques, since cultural to molecular methods. However, little is know about the phylogenetic relationships developed by Brazilian strains obtained from coffee and citrus plants. In order to evaluate it, fAFLP markers were used to verify genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships developed by Brazilian and strange strains. fAFLP is an efficient technique, with high reproducibility that is currently used for bacterial typing and classification. The obtained results showed that Brazilian strains present genetic diversity and that the strains from this study were grouped distinctly according host and geographical origin like citrus-coffee, temecula-grapevine-mulberry and plum-elm.

scholarly journals Genetic differentiation of Xylella fastidiosa following the introduction into Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreina I. Castillo ◽  
Chi-Wei Tsai ◽  
Chiou-Chu Su ◽  
Ling-Wei Weng ◽  
Yu-Chen Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genome Recombination ◽  
Taichung City ◽  
The Us ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Southeast Us ◽  
Central Taiwan

The economically important plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa has been reported in multiple regions of the globe during the last two decades, threatening a growing list of crops and industries. Xylella fastidiosa subspecies fastidiosa causes disease in grapevines (Pierce's disease of grapevines, PD), a current problem in the United States (US), Spain, and Taiwan. We studied PD-causing subsp. fastidiosa populations and compared the genome sequences of 33 isolates found in Central Taiwan with 171 isolates from the US and two from Spain. Phylogenetic relationships, haplotype network, and genetic diversity analyses confirm that subsp. fastidiosa was recently introduced into Taiwan from the Southeast US (i.e., the PD-I lineage in Georgia based on available data). Recent core genome recombination events were detected among introduced subsp. fastidiosa isolates in Taiwan and contributed to the development of genetic diversity, particularly in the Houli District of Taichung City in Central Taiwan. Unexpectedly, despite comprehensive sampling of all regions with high PD incidences in Taiwan, the genetic diversity observed include contributions through recombination from unknown donors, suggesting that higher diversity exists in the region. Nevertheless, no recombination event was detected between X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa and the endemic sister species Xylella taiwanensis. In summary, this study improved our understanding of the genetic diversity of PD-causing subsp. fastidiosa after invasion to a new region.

Building the Mexican Borderlands

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Castillo-Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Colorado River ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mexican American War ◽  
Northern Mexico

This chapter examines the migrations of Diegueño and Californio families from the United States to Baja California, a migration previously unknown to U.S. historians. It delves into the tumultuous aftermath of the Mexican–American War, especially how indigenous peoples living on the banks of the Colorado River dealt with U.S. expansion into northern Mexico. Writing about indigenous people was challenging since they left almost no written documents. Moreover, the cyclical destruction of Baja's Catholic missions meant that only a few church records survived. The author spent three years piecing together small vignettes of indigenous people from scattered government and company minutes located in three countries.

scholarly journals Differentiation of Xylella fastidiosa Strains via Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Environmentally Mediated Genes (MLSA-E)

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 1385-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer K. Parker ◽  
Justin C. Havird ◽  
Leonardo De La Fuente
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Analysis ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTIsolates of the plant pathogenXylella fastidiosaare genetically very similar, but studies on their biological traits have indicated differences in virulence and infection symptomatology. Taxonomic analyses have identified several subspecies, and phylogenetic analyses of housekeeping genes have shown broad host-based genetic differences; however, results are still inconclusive for genetic differentiation of isolates within subspecies. This study employs multilocus sequence analysis of environmentally mediated genes (MLSA-E; genes influenced by environmental factors) to investigateX. fastidiosarelationships and differentiate isolates with low genetic variability. Potential environmentally mediated genes, including host colonization and survival genes related to infection establishment, were identifieda priori. The ratio of the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions to the rate of synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) was calculated to select genes that may be under increased positive selection compared to previously studied housekeeping genes. Nine genes were sequenced from 54X. fastidiosaisolates infecting different host plants across the United States. Results of maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic (BP) analyses are in agreement with knownX. fastidiosasubspecies clades but show novel within-subspecies differentiation, including geographic differentiation, and provide additional information regarding host-based isolate variation and specificity.dN/dSratios of environmentally mediated genes, though <1 due to high sequence similarity, are significantly greater than housekeeping genedN/dSratios and correlate with increased sequence variability. MLSA-E can more precisely resolve relationships between closely related bacterial strains with low genetic variability, such asX. fastidiosaisolates. Discovering the genetic relationships betweenX. fastidiosaisolates will provide new insights into the epidemiology of populations ofX. fastidiosa, allowing improved disease management in economically important crops.

scholarly journals Multilocus Sequence Typing of Xylella fastidiosa Causing Pierce's Disease and Oleander Leaf Scorch in the United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 601-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Yuan ◽  
Lisa Morano ◽  
Robin Bromley ◽  
Senanu Spring-Pearson ◽  
Richard Stouthamer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pierce's Disease ◽  
Whole Genome Analysis ◽  
Leaf Scorch ◽  
Pierce’S Disease ◽  
Typing Methods

Using a modified multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for the bacterial plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa based on the same seven housekeeping genes employed in a previously published MLST, we studied the genetic diversity of two subspecies, X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa and X. fastidiosa subsp. sandyi, which cause Pierce's disease and oleander leaf scorch, respectively. Typing of 85 U.S. isolates (plus one from northern Mexico) of X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa from 15 different plant hosts and 21 isolates of X. fastidiosa subsp. sandyi from 4 different hosts in California and Texas supported their subspecific status. Analysis using the MLST genes plus one cell-surface gene showed no significant genetic differentiation based on geography or host plant within either subspecies. Two cases of homologous recombination (with X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex, the third U.S. subspecies) were detected in X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa. Excluding recombination, MLST site polymorphism in X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa (0.048%) and X. fastidiosa subsp. sandyi (0.000%) was substantially lower than in X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex (0.240%), consistent with the hypothesis that X. fastidiosa subspp. fastidiosa and sandyi were introduced into the United States (probably just prior to 1880 and 1980, respectively). Using whole-genome analysis, we showed that MLST is more effective at genetic discrimination at the specific and subspecific level than other typing methods applied to X. fastidiosa. Moreover, MLST is the only technique effective in detecting recombination.

“The Greatest Nation on Earth”

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K.M. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Manifest Destiny ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Texas Revolution

Between 1820 and 1827 approximately 1,800 U.S. citizens immigrated to northern Mexico as part of that country’s empresario program, in which the federal government granted foreigners land if they promised to develop and secure the region. Historians have long argued that these settlers, traditionally seen as the vanguard of Manifest Destiny, were attracted to Mexico for its cheap land and rich natural resources. Such interpretations have lent a tone of inevitability to events like the Texas Revolution. This article argues that the early members of these groups were attracted to Mexico for chiefly political reasons. At a time when the United States appeared to be turning away from its commitment to a weak federal government, Mexico was establishing itself on a constitution that insured local sovereignty and autonomy. Thus, the Texas Revolution was far from the result of two irreconcilable peoples and cultures. Moreover, the role that these settlers played in the United States’ acquisition of not just Texas, but ultimately half of Mexico’s national territory, was more paradoxical than inevitable.

scholarly journals C-Peptide as a Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 270
Author(s):  
Rachel L. Washburn ◽  
Karl Mueller ◽  
Gurvinder Kaur ◽  
Tanir Moreno ◽  
Naima Moustaid-Moussa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Pancreatic Islet Transplantation ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Increased Risk

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disease affecting one-third of the United States population. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, where the hormone insulin is either not produced sufficiently or where there is a resistance to insulin. Patients with Type 1 DM (T1DM), in which the insulin-producing beta cells are destroyed by autoimmune mechanisms, have a significantly increased risk of developing life-threatening cardiovascular complications, even when exogenous insulin is administered. In fact, due to various factors such as limited blood glucose measurements and timing of insulin administration, only 37% of T1DM adults achieve normoglycemia. Furthermore, T1DM patients do not produce C-peptide, a cleavage product from insulin processing. C-peptide has potential therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo on many complications of T1DM, such as peripheral neuropathy, atherosclerosis, and inflammation. Thus, delivery of C-peptide in conjunction with insulin through a pump, pancreatic islet transplantation, or genetically engineered Sertoli cells (an immune privileged cell type) may ameliorate many of the cardiovascular and vascular complications afflicting T1DM patients.

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