scholarly journals Epidemiology and Control of Citrus Greasy Spot on Valencia Orange in the Humid Tropics of Costa Rica

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 1015-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman Hidalgo ◽  
Turner B. Sutton ◽  
Felipe Arauz
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Discharge Pattern ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Ascospore Discharge ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Discharge Patterns ◽  
Copper Fungicide ◽  
And Control

An epidemiological study of Mycosphaerella citri, the cause of greasy spot of citrus, was conducted for 2 years at Finca 6 and El Parque, Costa Rica. Ascospores were the primary source of inoculum; only a few conidia were trapped during the study. Ascospores were trapped first during late April or early May. The spore discharge pattern was associated closely with seasonal rainfall distribution; in both years, the number of ascospores trapped increased rapidly through May, peaked during early June, declined rapidly through July, and were negligible during the rest of the year. Most ascospores were trapped during a 6- to 8-week period. Three principal discharge patterns were observed. One pattern, associated with rainfall, was characterized by the release of large numbers of ascospores within 1 h of the beginning of rainfall. Ascospore release often continued for several hours after the rainfall ended. A second discharge pattern was associated with dew. Large numbers of spores were trapped during periods when dew was heaviest (0200 to 0700 h). A third pattern consisted of a combination of the first two patterns (i.e., discharge during evening rain followed by a second discharge associated with dew). No relationship was found between different combinations of rainfall data and either the first or peak ascospore catch. Similarly, there was no consistent relationship between weekly percentages of leaves at different stages of decomposition and ascospore catch that could be used to predict the period of peak ascospore discharge. Weekly total number of leaves on the orchard floor was a better predictor of total ascospore catch. Two sprays of a copper fungicide reduced greasy spot incidence, severity, and defoliation compared to an unsprayed control. Oil, sprayed twice as a standard grower treatment, did not reduce disease incidence or severity compared to the unsprayed control.

Corruption and control from the perspective of Islam

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-368
Author(s):  
Waled Younes E. Alazzabi ◽  
Hasri Mustafa ◽  
Ahmed Razman Abdul Latiff
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Situational Factor ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Control

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore and provide insights into corruption and the control procedures from an Islamic perspective. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts qualitative research approach using the holy Quran as a primary source and hadith of the Prophet Mohammed supported by the anecdotes of his companions as a secondary source and prior literature. Findings This paper offers an Islamic taxonomy of corruption that contains economic, managerial, financial, political, environmental, social and ethical corruption which is explicitly prohibited because of their consequence on societies. Islam establishes proactive, preventive, detecting and reactive procedures to control corruption and prescribes how to avoid its harmful consequences. The paper also reveals significant concepts in relation to individuals’ qualities that if taken care of, better chances to reduce corruption and better living conditions can be accomplished. Research limitations/implications The paper recommends means to the business community through providing managerial and practical procedures which can be used for limiting corruption effectively. However, this piece of work provides further explanations on corruption to improve our understanding on such a phenomenon and contributes to the literature from the perspective of Islam point of view. Originality/value The paper contributes to the debate on corruption, human, religion and control from an Islamic point of view, which is lacking. This paper finds evidence that loss of belief is a situational factor that leads to corrupt acts. Also, moral teaching in early ages is necessary for inner and self-control. Moral renovation is an influential factor that keeps individuals motivated and refrain from indulging into corrupt acts.

Studies on the biology and control of Lachnosterna consanguinea (Blanch.), a pest of sugarcane in Bihar (India)

1961 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Kalea ◽  
J. P. Kulshreshtha
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Bufo Melanostictus ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Acridotheres Tristis ◽  
Flight Season ◽  
Dry Out ◽  
And Control

The larvae of the Melolonthid beetle, Lachnosterna. consanguinea (Blanch.), have been found to be very destructive to sugarcane in the Dalmianagar area in Bihar, India, since 1956 when they were first recorded there. The pest has since been found to occur in serious numbers in certain adjoining areas and also in Bihta in Patna district. Damage is done by the larvae by feeding on cane roots. Heavily infested cane clumps dry out completely and in severe infestations as much as 80 per cent, of the crop is lost. The infestation occurs only on light sandy soils; crops on clay soils are not affected. The February-planted crop suffers more seriously than that planted in October. The adults have not so far been observed doing any damage to sugarcane.The emergence of adults starts in the last week of April, but a rush of emergence occurs only after the first shower of rain. The adults are nocturnal in habit and feed on leaves of certain bushes and trees during the night. They hide themselves in loose moist soil in day-time. Mating takes place after dusk during the flight season, and eggs are laid in the soil at a depth of 5 to 10 cm. The incubation period varies from 8 to 10 days. The young larvae move to cane roots after some initial feeding on grass roots. They are fully grown in 8 to 10 weeks' time when they move deeper into the soil and pupate in earthen cells at a depth of 0·3 to 1·5 m. The pupal period varies from 12 to 16 days and the pest overwinters in the adult stage. There is only one brood a year.The adults are active at night and are attracted to artificial light and can be destroyed in large numbers with the help of light-traps. Collections from the foliage of trees and shrubs at night is an easier and better method of destruction. Trials with insecticides applied as sprays to the foliage of shrubs in cages to which adults were immediately introduced showed that a suspension containing 0·5 per cent. DDT was effective and was superior to one of BHC.Replicated field trials carried out for the control of the larvae with various insecticides showed that BHG applied to the soil in a dust at the rate of 22·4 Ib. toxicant per acre was the most effective. This treatment, when applied-at planting time (February) had an adverse effect on germination; this effect was not observed when the application was made at the end of May. In subsequent replicated experiments, when BHC in a dust was applied in two instalments at the rate of 10 Ib. per acre at the end of May at the time of the rush of adult emergence, and in July, respectively, much better results were obtained without any adverse effect on the crop. BHC and other insecticides applied to the soil in sprays at 10 Ib. per acre at the end of May were ineffective.Amongst varieties of cane grown at the Bank Farm, Dalmianagar, Co.935 and B.O.3 showed a greater tolerance of injury by the larvae than the others.A Scoliid, Scolia aureipennis Lep., was observed to parasitise the grubs during September. The rate of parasitisation was only about 5 per cent.A disease caused by a fungus, Metarrhizium. anisopliae, was also observed to occur in the adults. Affected beetles died within 4 to 6 days.The common Indian toad (Bufo melanostictus) and the gecko (Gecko gecko) were seen preying on the adults in the evening when these were active. A number of birds, particularly the Indian crow (Corvus splendens) and mynah (Acridotheres tristis), also feed on the larvae when these are exposed during tillage operations.

Neuronal Activity in Somatosensory Cortex of Monkeys Using a Precision Grip. I. Receptive Fields and Discharge Patterns

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 825-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iran Salimi ◽  
Thomas Brochier ◽  
Allan M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Precision Grip ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Discharge Pattern ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Discharge Patterns

Neuronal activity in somatosensory cortex of monkeys using a precision grip. I. Receptive fields and discharge patterns. Three adolescent Macaca fascicularis monkeys weighing between 3.5 and 4 kg were trained to use a precision grip to grasp a metal tab mounted on a low friction vertical track and to lift and hold it in a 12- to 25-mm position window for 1 s. The surface texture of the metal tab in contact with the fingers and the weight of the object could be varied. The activity of 386 single cells with cutaneous receptive fields contacting the metal tab were recorded in Brodmann’s areas 3b, 1, 2, 5, and 7 of the somatosensory cortex. In this first of a series of papers, we describe three types of discharge pattern, the receptive-field properties, and the anatomic distribution of the neurons. The majority of the receptive fields were cutaneous and covered less than one digit, and a χ2 test did not reveal any significant differences in the Brodmann’s areas representing the thumb and index finger. Two broad categories of discharge pattern cells were identified. The first category, dynamic cells, showed a brief increase in activity beginning near grip onset, which quickly subsided despite continued pressure applied to the receptive field. Some of the dynamic neurons responded to both skin indentation and release. The second category, static cells, had higher activity during the stationary holding phase of the task. These static neurons demonstrated varying degrees of sensitivity to rates of pressure change on the skin. The percentage of dynamic versus static cells was about equal for areas 3b, 2, 5, and 7. Only area 1 had a higher proportion of dynamic cells (76%). A third category was identified that contained cells with significant pregrip activity and included cortical cells with both dynamic or static discharge patterns. Cells in this category showed activity increases before movement in the absence of receptive-field stimulation, suggesting that, in addition to peripheral cutaneous input, these cells also receive strong excitation from movement-related regions of the brain.

scholarly journals Differential Spread of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus in California and New York Vineyards

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Cieniewicz ◽  
Madison Flasco ◽  
Melina Brunelli ◽  
Anuli Onwumelu ◽  
Alice Wise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Initial Inoculum ◽  
Cabernet Franc ◽  
Disease Progress ◽  
Spread Dynamics ◽  
Initial Source

Limited information is available on the spread dynamics of grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV, genus Grablovirus, family Geminiviridae) in vineyards. In this study, we investigated red blotch disease progress in three vineyards with a disparate initial inoculum prevalence. Secondary spread was documented in Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet franc vineyards in California, but not in a Merlot vineyard in New York. Increase in annual disease incidence (4.8, 0.13, and 0%) was unrelated to the estimated initial source of inoculum at planting (1, 40, and 40%) in the Cabernet franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot vineyards, respectively. Limited genetic diversity of GRBV populations in newly infected vines supported localized spread in California vineyards, and suggested the planting material as the primary source of inoculum. Among the community of hemipteran insects visiting two of the three study vineyards, populations of Spissistilus festinus, the vector of GRBV, were absent in the Merlot vineyard and low in the Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard. Furthermore, all cover crop samples collected from GRBV-infected California vineyards each spring of 2016 to 2018, particularly legume species which are preferred hosts of S. festinus, tested negative for GRBV, suggesting a minimal role, if any, in GRBV spread as inoculum reservoirs. Together our findings illustrate differential disease progress in distinct vineyard ecosystems, and support the elimination of virus inoculum sources as an actionable disease management strategy across vineyards.

scholarly journals Risk of Spreading Soft Rot Through Cutting Dips Against Whiteflies in Greenhouse-Grown Poinsettia

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 2262-2268
Author(s):  
Rosemarije Buitenhuis ◽  
Anissa Poleatewich ◽  
Mark Jandricic ◽  
Michael Brownbridge
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Cost Effective Technique ◽  
Dipping Process ◽  
Carotovorum Subsp ◽  
Insecticidal Treatment

Dipping is a quick and cost-effective technique to reduce pest infestations on unrooted cuttings of greenhouse ornamental crops. Large numbers of cuttings are immersed in an insecticidal treatment, e.g., biopesticides and/or insecticidal soap, before they are stuck in the growing medium and rooted. This research investigated the risk of cross-contamination of poinsettia cuttings with Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, a potentially devastating pathogen causing soft rot, through the dipping process. Sampling at four commercial greenhouses showed that P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum was present in all dip suspensions during and after processing poinsettia cuttings; concentrations up to 1 × 105 CFU/ml were detected. A laboratory experiment determined that P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum-infected cuttings could contaminate clean dip suspensions to similar levels. These results indicated that there is potential for disease transfer during dipping. The potential for cross-contamination of healthy cuttings was evaluated by immersing poinsettia cuttings in dip suspensions artificially inoculated with P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (from 1 × 103 to 1 × 107 CFU/ml). Disease incidence increased as P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum concentrations in the dip suspension increased and the variety ‘Prestige Red’ was more susceptible than ‘Freedom White.’ However, even at the highest P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum concentration of 1 × 107 CFU/ml, the proportion of diseased cuttings was low at 6% for var. ‘Freedom White,’ but higher at 21% for var. ‘Prestige Red.’ We conclude that P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum transfer among unrooted poinsettia cuttings through the dipping process is relatively low although some varieties are sensitive to high levels of inoculum. Even so, strict sanitation practices are still important to prevent build-up of inoculum in the dip treatment.

scholarly journals Case Studies in Physiology: Sympathetic neural discharge patterns in a healthy young male during end-expiratory breath hold-induced sinus pause

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-237
Author(s):  
Tyler D. Vermeulen ◽  
Brooke M. Shafer ◽  
Anthony V. Incognito ◽  
Massimo Nardone ◽  
André L. Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Cardiac Cycle ◽  
Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Discharge Pattern ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Single Cardiac Cycle ◽  
Discharge Patterns ◽  
Neural Discharge ◽  
Wave Discharge

We characterize the occurrence of a square-wave discharge pattern of efferent muscle sympathetic nerve activity during a sinus pause in a young healthy male. This discharge pattern comprised large recruited action potential clusters undetected at baseline that continuously discharged during the sinus pause. Notably, this discharge pattern was still contained within a single cardiac cycle.

Classy Styles Ltd., Inc.: shifting production overseas

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-344
Author(s):  
George C. Gonzalez ◽  
Qin Han
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Content Type ◽  
General Management ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Women's Apparel ◽  
The Family ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Business Course ◽  
And Control

Theoretical basis The main theoretical models used in the instructor manual analysis are SWOT and institution-based view. Founder’s syndrome is also used as a foundation for analysis and discussion. Research methodology Primary source data acquired by the authors through one of the author’s actual experience working in the family business that is the subject of the case. Case overview/synopsis Classy Styles Ltd., Inc. is a small wholesaler of women’s apparel. It outsources production and sells to small retail stores. Classy Styles has grown steadily during its short existence, but is not on track to reach the CEO and majority shareholder’s profitability goal. The COO has determined that the only realistic way to achieve the goal is to shift manufacturing from North America to Asia. The decision creates tension between profitability and the CEO’s desire for tight supervision and control of the outsourced production shops. Complexity academic level Introductory undergraduate courses in general management would be sufficient, while a basic strategy course and/or entrepreneurial business course would be of benefit.

scholarly journals 8. Positional Astronomy

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
A. A. Nemiro ◽  
W. Fricke ◽  
A. N. Adams ◽  
P. Lacroute ◽  
R. H. Stoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meridian Circle ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Digital Readout ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Primary Mirror ◽  
Astronomical Instruments ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
On Line ◽  
Positional Astronomy ◽  
And Control

It is with deep regret that we mention the death, on 15 July 1969, of Prof. Dr G. Demetrescu who has done so much for the development of Astronomy in Roumania.This report is based on letters received from members of the Commission, whom I wish to thank most cordially.The most important events in the development of positional astronomy during the three past years were:(1)The construction and use of new types of astronomical instruments based on new techniques, and(2)The collective observations of large numbers of stars, especially in the Southern hemisphere on the basis of international cooperation.At the USNO a design study for a ten-inch automatic meridian circle (ATC)was completed in 1968. Construction and installation should be completed by the end of 1970. A modified Cassegrainian optical system with a Cer-Vit primary mirror is being used. For some other important parts of the instrument new materials will also be used. At each end of the horizontal axis of the instrument Inductosyns will be mounted.An Inductosyn system for digital readout of the pointing angle of the telescope was installed on the six-inch transit circle of the USNO in 1967 for testing and calibration. An IBM-1800 data acquisition and control system was on line with the same instrument.

Use them or lose them? Conservation and the consumptive use of marine turtle eggs at Ostional, Costa Rica

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
LISA M. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Marine Turtle ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Community Based Conservation ◽  
And Control

'Sustainable use' of wildlife resources and 'community based conservation' are two themes recurrent in contemporary statements of wildlife conservation policy, and their use is in response to a perceived 'deep conservation crisis' which has in part arisen from exclusionary and restrictive conservation practices. The extent to which the legal harvest of marine turtle eggs in Ostional, Costa Rica, is an example of sustainable use and community based conservation is evaluated in this paper. Field research using in-depth interviewing and a household questionnaire was undertaken in Ostional during 1994 and 1995, to investigate local perceptions of the egg harvesting project, both positive and negative. Socio-economic benefits from, and legal and administrative structures supporting, the project were found to be fundamental to community support for a limited egg harvest and allowed for community participation in, and control of, resource use. Participation and control were key to local support for conservation of nesting marine turtles and their eggs. Attempts to use wildlife sustainably must be considered on a case by case basis, to account for the biological nature of the wildlife resource and environment in question and for local socio-economic, political and historical conditions. Nevertheless, some of the lessons learned from the attempt to implement sustainable use and community based conservation in Ostional may be more widely generalized, and may help inform other efforts to reconcile wildlife conservation objectives with local development needs.

Parent Education Program Evaluation: A Review of the Literature

1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubin Todres ◽  
Terry Bunston
Keyword(s):  
Parent Education ◽  
Attitude Change ◽  
Behaviour Modification ◽  
Experimenter Bias ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Parent Characteristics ◽  
Parent Education Programs ◽  
And Control

This review of parent education evaluations examined three approaches to parent education: behaviour modification, parent effectiveness training (PET), and the Adlerian approach. Our review demonstrated that on the majority of outcome measures, whether examining behaviour or attitude change or change in family dynamics, results were either mixed or not statistically significant. The most frequent methodological problems were lack of random assignment, failure to match groups, absence of consideration of experimenter bias, and failure to incorporate sufficiently large numbers of individuals into the design. There was also an absence of long-term follow-ups and control groups, whether a no-treatment or placebo group that was truly independent of the program. Finally these evaluations are limited in their ability to match outcome to process and to parent characteristics and thus hindered in their ability to plan effective parent education programs.

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