scholarly journals First Report of White Pine Blister Rust in Colorado

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Johnson ◽  
W. R. Jacobi
Keyword(s):  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pinus Flexilis ◽  
Limber Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Continental Divide ◽  
Northern Colorado ◽  
Fort Collins ◽  
Park Road ◽  
Ribes Spp

In June 1999, a survey was conducted north and west of Redfeather Lakes, CO (≈64 km northwest of Fort Collins) to determine the extent of white pine blister rust, caused by Cronartium ribicola. To date the disease has not been reported in Colorado on any of the known hosts. The survey was initiated after the disease was reported on limber pine, Pinus flexilis, in 1998. A total of 65 sections were traveled by driving passable roads within three townships in Larimer County in northern Colorado. Infected limber pines were observed in nine sections. Incidence of infected trees ranged from 3 to 50% of trees sampled. A minimum of 10 trees was sampled at each location. Where trees were more abundant, 40 trees were sampled. The highest incidence of blister rust was observed near the Colorado and Wyoming state line along Cherokee Park Road. Both main stem and branch cankers were observed. Cankers appeared to be 3 to 5 years old. Mortality of entire trees was not observed. Ribes spp. were observed in the vicinity of infected limber pines. However, no infection was noted on these alternate rust hosts. Infected trees were observed 18 km south of the Colorado and Wyoming state line. The southward spread of the disease into northern Colorado from infection sites in Wyoming appears to have proceeded slowly since reports of the disease in southern Wyoming during the 1970s (1). Blister rust has the potential to spread throughout the range of white pines in Colorado, which includes scattered populations of both limber and bristlecone pines, P. aristata, located along the Continental Divide from Wyoming to the Colorado and New Mexico state line. References: (1) D. B. Brown. Plant Dis. Rep. 62:905, 1978.

The distribution and incidence of white pine blister rust in central and southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 462-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly S.J. Kearns ◽  
William R. Jacobi
Keyword(s):  
Current Level ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pinus Flexilis ◽  
Limber Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
The Past ◽  
Northern Colorado ◽  
Diameter Classes

A survey of limber pine ( Pinus flexilis James) to determine the geographic distribution, incidence, and severity of white pine blister rust (WPBR) throughout 13 study areas in central and southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado was conducted from 2002 to 2004. The majority (81.1%) of the 18 719 surveyed limber pines >1.37 m tall were classified as healthy, 13.5% were declining or dying from various causes, and 5.4% were dead. WPBR was present on 278 (55%) of the 504 survey plots. Incidence of the disease ranged from 0% to 100% and averaged 15.5% over all the plots and 28.0% on the infested plots. Likelihood of infection by WPBR was significantly greater for limber pines in larger diameter classes. Incidence was negatively correlated with elevation and positively correlated with geographic position, with more northerly and easterly plots having higher incidences of WPBR. Incidence varied by slope position and did not vary by aspect, slope configuration, or degree of canopy closure. The current level of infestation in central and southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado has been attained within the past two to four decades. With time, the pathogen may spread to currently uninfested white pine populations and intensify throughout its current distribution impacting valuable ecosystems.

Changes in white pine blister rust infection and mortality in limber pine over time

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 919-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyndi M. Smith ◽  
David W. Langor ◽  
Colin Myrholm ◽  
Jim Weber ◽  
Cameron Gillies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pinus Flexilis ◽  
Limber Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Pine Beetle

Limber pine (Pinus flexilis E. James) is under threat from white pine blister rust (WPBR), mountain pine beetle, drought, and fire suppression across its range in western North America. In 2003–2004, we established 85 plots to assess the mortality and incidence of WPBR on limber pine, and remeasured them in 2009. Infection was evident in 74% of the plots in 2003–2004 and 88% of the plots in 2009. The proportion of dead trees increased from 32% in 2003–2004 to 35% in 2009. The percentage of live trees infected increased from 33% in 2003–2004 to 43% in 2009. Mean live limber pine basal area in 2009 ranged from 0.03 to 77.8 m2/ha per plot. Twenty (24%) of the plots had no seedlings in the first measurement, but only 15% in the second measurement. Seedling infection was low (8% in 2003–2004 and 4% in 2009). In 12 plots that were measured three times, mortality increased from 30% of all trees in 1996 to 50% in 2003, then decreased to 46% in 2009. Infection decreased from 73% of live trees in 1996 to 46% in 2003, then increased to 66% in 2009. High mortality and infection levels suggest that the long-term persistence of many limber pine populations in the southern part of the study area are in jeopardy, and continued monitoring is needed to assist with management decisions.

scholarly journals Genetic resistance to white pine blister rust in limber pine (Pinus flexilis): major gene resistance in a northern population

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1173-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Sniezko ◽  
Robert Danchok ◽  
Douglas P. Savin ◽  
Jun-Jun Liu ◽  
Angelia Kegley
Keyword(s):  
Major Gene ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pinus Flexilis ◽  
Limber Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Major Gene Resistance ◽  
The Status

Limber pine, Pinus flexilis E. James, a wide-ranging tree species in western North America, is highly susceptible to white pine blister rust (WPBR), caused by the non-native fungal pathogen Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. The Canadian populations in particular have been heavily impacted, and in 2014, limber pine was designated endangered in Canada by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Little is known about genetic resistance to WPBR in limber pine, but major gene resistance (MGR) has been characterized in some populations in the United States. This study examines resistance in seedling families from 13 parent trees from British Columbia, Alberta, and Oregon, representing the northern- and northwestern-most populations. Most families were susceptible, with 100% of the seedlings cankered, but one family from Alberta segregated 1:1 for cankered and canker free. This is the first report of (a) MGR in Canada of any of the four species of five-needle pines native to Canada and (b) any resistance in limber pine in Canadian populations and is the northernmost known incidence of putative R-gene resistance in a natural stand of any five-needle pine species. Many of the Canadian selections were from stands with high incidence of WPBR infection, and their high susceptibility in this trial suggests that further infection and mortality is likely in the Canadian populations.

Risk of white pine blister rust to limber pine in Colorado and Wyoming, USA

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. J. Kearns ◽  
W. R. Jacobi ◽  
R. M. Reich ◽  
R. L. Flynn ◽  
K. S. Burns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Limber Pine ◽  
Blister Rust

scholarly journals Genetic mapping of Pinus flexilis major gene (Cr4) for resistance to white pine blister rust using transcriptome-based SNP genotyping

BMC Genomics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Jun Liu ◽  
Anna W. Schoettle ◽  
Richard A. Sniezko ◽  
Rona N. Sturrock ◽  
Arezoo Zamany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Mapping ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Snp Genotyping ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pinus Flexilis ◽  
Blister Rust

scholarly journals Pruning Western White Pine in British Columbia to Reduce White Pine Blister Rust Losses: 10-Year Results

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Early Age ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Ribes Spp ◽  
Stem Cankers ◽  
Spore Movement

Abstract Survey lines were located in areas that had been pruned to control blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) 10 yr previously and adjacent control (unpruned) areas in 10 stands of western white pine. Stands were classified as densely stocked, moderately stocked, or open. Cankers were tallied and their position noted. The success of pruning varied from stand to stand. Since the stands had not been pruned at an early age, there was only a 4 and 5% reduction in threatening cankers and stem cankers respectively, as few new cankers were initiated. Stands with the greatest increase in cankering had Ribes spp., were open grown, or possessed a high component of small white pine. Repruning these specific stands may be worthwhile, but in general, entering stands again to do either pruning or scribing would produce few additional healthy trees. Doing both treatments, however, may significantly enhance the number of healthy stems. To optimize the benefits of pruning, stands should be entered early and pruning should continue until a sufficient number of stems are pruned to a height of 3 m to ensure full stocking. Other species may be impediments to spore movement within stands, and thus they should not be pruned. Dense stands initially had less rust than open stands and could be entered later, but once spaced, they also need to be pruned to 3 m to minimize rust infection. West. J. Appl. For: 13(2):60-63.

scholarly journals White Pine Blister Rust Resistance in Limber Pine: Evidence for a Major Gene

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Schoettle ◽  
R. A. Sniezko ◽  
A. Kegley ◽  
K. S. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Major Gene ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
R Gene ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Limber Pine ◽  
Blister Rust

Limber pine (Pinus flexilis) is being threatened by the lethal disease white pine blister rust caused by the non-native pathogen Cronartium ribicola. The types and frequencies of genetic resistance to the rust will likely determine the potential success of restoration or proactive measures. These first extensive inoculation trials using individual tree seed collections from >100 limber pine trees confirm that genetic segregation of a stem symptom-free trait to blister rust is consistent with inheritance by a single dominant resistance (R) gene, and the resistance allele appears to be distinct from the R allele in western white pine. Following previous conventions, we are naming the R gene for limber pine “Cr4.” The frequency of the Cr4 allele across healthy and recently invaded populations in the Southern Rocky Mountains was unexpectedly high (5.0%, ranging from 0 to 13.9%). Cr4 is in equilibrium, suggesting that it is not a product of a recent mutation and may have other adaptive significance within the species, possibly related to other abiotic or biotic stress factors. The identification of Cr4 in native populations of limber pine early in the invasion progress in this region provides useful information for predicting near-term impacts and structuring long-term management strategies.

scholarly journals Limber Pine Regeneration and White Pine Blister Rust in the Central and Southern Rocky Mountains

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy M. Cleaver ◽  
William R. Jacobi ◽  
Kelly S. Burns ◽  
Robert E. Means
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Southern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Limber Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Pine Regeneration

scholarly journals Molecular and Morphological Evidence for Interspecific Hybridization Between Cronartium ribicola and C. comandrae on Pinus flexilis in Southwestern Alberta

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 1552-1552 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Joly ◽  
D. W. Langor ◽  
R. C. Hamelin
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Interspecific Hybridization ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Cronartium Ribicola ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pinus Flexilis ◽  
Blister Rust

In May 2003, a survey was conducted in southwestern Alberta, east of the Rocky Mountains, to determine the extent of the spread and genetic diversity of white pine blister rust, which is caused by Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. Aeciospores were sampled from white pine blister rust cankers in three infected limber pine (Pinus flexilis James) stands separated from one another by 100 to 215 km. DNA genotypes were determined for 12 codominant PCR-SSCP (polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism) loci representing genes derived from an EST library. At each site sampled, some aecia displayed DNA genotypes that were heterozygous at all loci and possessed novel alleles (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ009533-DQ009611). At Waterton Lakes, Kananaskis County, and Porcupine Hills, 29%, 11%, and 3% of sampled aecia and 38%, 33%, and 10% of sampled trees, respectively, possessed these unusual profiles. In May 2004, similar genetic profiles were found at two of these sites, Waterton Lakes and Kananaskis County, at 17 and 25% of sampled aecia (25% of sampled trees). In each of these aecia, genotyping and sequence analysis revealed this pattern was due to the presence of one C. ribicola and one C. comandrae Peck. allele at each of the 12 loci. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed aeciospore morphology that was intermediate between C. ribicola and C. comandrae. Aeciospores were longer (16 to 20 × 25 to 40 μm) than the expected range for C. ribicola (18 to 20 × 22 to 31 μm) (3). They were also fusiform, obovoid or short-to-long ellipsoid, but not pyriform-acuminate as in C. comandrae, and without a true conspicuous smooth spot as in C. ribicola. This provides evidence for interspecific hybridization between C. ribicola and C. comandrae, the causal agent of comandra blister rust. We hypothesize that the presence of nearby C. comandrae-infected lodgepole pine (P. contorta Dougl.) could have led to spermatization of C. ribicola receptive hyphae by C. comandrae pycniospores, resulting in the formation of hybrid aecia. An important question is whether these hybrids have a different host range that could potentially extend its geographic range in areas where the telial host, Ribes spp. L., is not abundant. The hybrid rust Melampsora × columbiana Newcombe was shown to exhibit virulence against certain hybrid poplar clones that had previously been reported as resistant against both parental rusts (M. medusae Thuem. and M. occidentalis Jacks) and abundant pathogenic variation has been observed (2). Furthermore, the ability to colonize unexpected hosts could provide fitness advantages over parental species, as was observed in Phytophthora spp. pathogenic on alder (1). Host range and virulence assays should be conducted to assess the potential impact of this hybrid. References: (1) C. M. Brasier et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:5878, 1999. (2) G. Newcombe et al. Phytopathology 91:981, 2001. (3) W. G. Ziller. The Tree Rusts of Western Canada. Can. For Serv. No. 1329. Pacific Forestry Center, Victoria, BC, 1974.

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