Evaluation of Phosphonate Treatments for Control of Phytophthora Crown Rot of Walnut

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Browne ◽  
T. L. Prichard ◽  
L. S. Schmidt ◽  
W. H. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Persian Walnut ◽  
Foliar Treatment ◽  
Phytophthora Citricola ◽  
Spray Treatment

Preventive foliar and soil (chemigation) applications of phosphonate were evaluated in a factorial manner for control of cankers caused by Phytophthora citricola in a Persian walnut orchard, cultivar Chandler. In each of two experiments, a foliar treatment was applied once in the second week of September, and a soil chemigation treatment was applied three times at weekly intervals from the last week of August to the second week of September; the treatments were applied separately and in combination to the walnut trees. At 1 and at 7 months after completion of the treatments, the trees were wound inoculated with P. citricola. Treatment efficacy was assessed by measuring the area of resulting trunk cankers. Trees that had received a foliar spray with phosphonate consistently developed less necrotic bark area than trees that had not received the treatment. This effect was evident following the inoculations made 1 and 7 months after phosphonate treatments. Chemigation with phosphonate contributed to canker suppression only following inoculations made 1 month after treatment in experiment 1; the suppression was not evident in experiment 2. The results suggest that a late-summer foliar spray treatment with phosphonate, but not necessarily short-term chemigation treatments, may help to reduce losses caused by P. citricola in Persian walnut. Accepted for publication 4 March 2011. Published 1 June 2011.

scholarly journals Effects of Fertilization and Foliar Spray Treatment on the Ascorbic Acid Content of Tomato and Sweet Pepper

1980 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaka SHINOHARA ◽  
Yoshio SUZUKI ◽  
Masao SHIBUYA ◽  
Muneteru YAMAMOTO ◽  
Koya YAMASAKI
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Spray Treatment

scholarly journals Electrocardiogram in Friedreich's ataxia: A short‐term surrogate endpoint for treatment efficacy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Mastroianno ◽  
Michele Germano ◽  
Angela Maggio ◽  
Raimondo Massaro ◽  
Domenico Rosario Potenza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Surrogate Endpoint ◽  
Friedreich’S Ataxia ◽  
Friedreich's Ataxia ◽  
Short Term

A quantitative assessment of the reproductive biology of Cyclonaias tuberculata (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Haggerty ◽  
Jeffrey T. Garner ◽  
George H. Patterson ◽  
Lannis C. Jones Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tennessee River ◽  
Early Fall

Two hundred and thirty-three purple wartyback unionids (Cyclonaias tuberculata) were collected approximately monthly over a 31-month period from Kentucky Reservoir (Tennessee river mile 201.3), Tennessee, between August 1988 and February 1991. An equal sex ratio and only one case of hermaphroditism were discovered. Histological examinations showed that spermatogenesis and oogenesis occurred throughout the year except during late summer and early fall. "Typical" spermatogenesis was most evident between May and July. Spawning occurred between early spring (March–April) and late summer (August). Brooding variation among females was shown by the presence of embryos in the suprabranchial chambers and gills between early April and late August. Brooding was short term, as indicated by mature larvae being found in the outer demibranchs between early July and late August. Full demibranchs were never found, possibly indicating that the study took place during years of poor reproductive performance.

scholarly journals Do short-term markers of treatment efficacy predict long-term sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease?

2008 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 30.e1-30.e7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail M. Trautmann ◽  
Kevin E. Kip ◽  
Holly E. Richter ◽  
David E. Soper ◽  
Jeffrey F. Peipert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Short Term

scholarly journals Management of Phytophthora Crown Rot in Pumpkin and Zucchini Seedlings with Phosphonates

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1651-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla B. Yandoc-Ables ◽  
Erin N. Rosskopf ◽  
Elizabeth M. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Cultivar Selection ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
Copper Manganese ◽  
Foliar Fungicide ◽  
Affect Disease Severity

Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to determine the efficacy of two phosphonate-containing fungicides (FNX-100 and FNX-2500) against Phytophthora crown rot of pumpkin. The experiments were designed to determine the effects of crop cultivar, application method (soil drench versus foliar spray), and phosphonate concentration on the level of effectiveness of a crown rot management strategy using phosphonates. Pumpkin cultivar, treatment (type of fungicide product), phosphonate concentration, and application method significantly influenced the level of Phytophthora crown rot control. Between the two fungicides, only FNX-100 suppressed Phytophthora crown rot in pumpkin. For cv. Phantom, the highest level of control was achieved with the drench application of 3.0% FNX-100 whereas, for cv. Spooktacular, all three concentrations of FNX-100 (1.0, 2.0, and 3.0%, vol/vol) applied as a soil drench suppressed or significantly reduced the severity of crown rot. Additional experiments using zucchini as test plants demonstrated that, at the concentrations tested, FNX-100 was more efficacious than FNX-2500 in controlling Phytophthora crown rot and that zucchini cultivar or FNX-100 concentration did not significantly influence crown rot control with phosphonates. In this study, FNX-100, which is not currently labeled for use in vegetables, provided satisfactory disease control in both pumpkin and zucchini whereas FNX-2500, a foliar fungicide comprised of the phosphate/phosphonates and copper, manganese, and zinc, did not significantly affect disease severity. This study, albeit limited in scope, showed that cultivar selection may play an important role in the successful management of Phytophthora crown rot on cucurbits with phosphonates, information which may be useful in designing additional tests and developing management strategies for pumpkin and zucchini that are grown in the field.

scholarly journals Flowering Response of Bougainvillea Cultivars to Dikegulac

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Norcini ◽  
J.H. Aldrich ◽  
J.M. McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Flowering Response ◽  
Bougainvillea Glabra

Foliar spray application of dikegulac at 1600 mg·liter-1 during production of Bougainvillea glabra Choicy `Mauna Kea White', and Bougainvillea `Raspberry Ice', `Royal Purple', `Summer Snow', and `Temple Fire' in 4.5-liter hanging baskets (25.4 cm in diameter) was investigated in relation to flowering. The effect of foliar-applied dikegulac at 0, 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 mg·liter-1 on bracteole size of `Mauna Kea White' was also determined. Liners of `Temple Fire' pruned at transplanting (0 weeks) and sprayed with dikegulac at, 0 and 4 weeks had increased flowering and a slightly more compact, pendulous growth habit than plants that had only been pruned at 0 and 4 weeks. Dikegulac had little to no effect on flowering of the other cultivars. Under late-spring to early summer conditions (generally increasing temperatures), bracteole size of `Mauna Kea White' was reduced ≈25 % by 400 mg dikegulac/liter compared to nontreated plants; 800 to 1600 mg dikegulac/liter reduced bracteole size ≈37%. Under late-summer to mid-fall conditions when the weather was cooler and wetter, dikegulac had little to no effect on bracteole size; however, bracteoles of nontreated plants were ≈25% smaller than those of plants grown under the warmer and drier conditions of late spring to early summer. Chemical name used: sodium salt of 2,3:4,6-bis -O- (1-methylethylidene) -α-l-xylo- 2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac).

scholarly journals Can Copper Be Used to Treat Foliar Phytophthora Infections in Pinus radiata?

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 1828-1834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Rolando ◽  
Chanatda Somchit ◽  
Martin K-F. Bader ◽  
Stuart Fraser ◽  
Nari Williams
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Cuprous Oxide ◽  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Needle Cast ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Red Needle Cast ◽  
Effect Of Copper

Red needle cast is a significant foliar disease of commercial stands of Pinus radiata caused by Phytophthora pluvialis in New Zealand. The effect of copper, applied as a foliar spray of cuprous oxide at a range of doses between 0 and 1.72 kg ha−1, was investigated in two controlled trials with potted plants and in an operational trial with mature P. radiata. In all trials, lesions formed on needles after artificial exposure to the infecting propagules (zoospores) of P. pluvialis were used to determine treatment efficacy, with the number and/or length of lesions as the dependent variable. Results across all trials indicated that cuprous oxide was highly effective at reducing infection of P. radiata with P. pluvialis. Application rates equivalent to ≥0.65 kg ha−1 significantly reduced infection levels relative to a control treatment, with foliar surface copper levels as low as 13 to 26 mg kg−1 of needle tissue preventing infection. Greater copper content was associated with a reduction in the proportion of needles with P. pluvialis lesions, with the probability of lesions developing decreasing approximately 1% for every 1 unit (in milligrams per kilogram) increase in copper content. Over a 90-day period, surface copper content declined to 30% of that originally applied, indicating an approximate period of treatment efficacy of 3 months. Our findings highlight the potential of cuprous oxide for the control of red needle cast in P. radiata stands. Further information about the optimal field dose, timing, and the frequency of foliar cuprous oxide application is key to prevent infection and also reduce the build up of inoculum during severe outbreaks of this pathogen.

SUPPRESSION OF PECAN NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS BY CROP OILS

1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-205
Author(s):  
B. W. Wood ◽  
J. A. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Carya Illinoensis ◽  
Sunflower Oils ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Petroleum Oil ◽  
Spray Treatment

A single foliar spray treatment to both fields and greenhouse adapted pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch, leaves with either 70 sec petroleum oil or peanut, corn, soybean, or sunflower oils (all oils formulated as a stock with 3% Triton-X) suppressed net photosynthesis (Pn) for 1 to 21 days posttreatment. Crop oils were no more detrimental than petroleum oil in causing Pn suppression. Pn physiology of field acclimated foliage was much more resistant to oil induced damage than greenhouse adapted foliage. Triton-X alone did not adversely influence Pn of pecan.

Postharvest quality implications of preharvest treatments applied to enhance Ambrosia™ apple red blush colour at harvest

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Peter M.A. Toivonen ◽  
Changwen Lu ◽  
Jared Stoochnoff
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Storage Quality ◽  
Row Covers ◽  
Sooty Blotch ◽  
Foliar Phosphorus ◽  
Soft Scald ◽  
Atmosphere Storage ◽  
Spray Treatment

Two approaches for enhancing red blush in Ambrosia™ apple were evaluated: (i) reflective row covers or (ii) application of foliar phosphorus-rich sprays, both applied several weeks before anticipated harvest. Two experiments were conducted, the first to evaluate a white reflective row cover versus foliar phosphorus spray, and the second to evaluate two types of reflective row cover, one made of a woven white polyethylene sheet and the other a solid silvered Mylar®. The comparative effects of these preharvest treatments on at-harvest fruit quality and quality after storage were assessed in both experiments. It was determined that foliar phosphorus sprays or one of the two types of reflective row covers resulted in similar enhancement of red blush colour, with no negative effects on at-harvest quality. However, in the first experiment it was found that after 8 mo of controlled-atmosphere storage (1 kPa O2 + 1 kPa CO2 at 0.5 °C), apples from the phosphorus foliar spray treatment developed greasiness and sooty blotch compared with those from the reflective row cover or control treatments. In the second experiment, after 5 mo of air storage at 0.5 °C, the apples from the silvered Mylar® reflective row cover treatment developed severe soft scald and soggy breakdown compared with the control and white reflective row cover treatments, which developed lower or very slight incidence of soft scald, respectively, and no soggy breakdown. These results indicate that when preharvest treatments are applied to apples, post-storage quality effects should be evaluated.

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