scholarly journals Perceptions of Disease Risk: From Social Construction of Subjective Judgments to Rational Decision Making

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 654-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. McRoberts ◽  
C. Hall ◽  
L. V. Madden ◽  
G. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Decision Tools ◽  
Plant Disease Management

Many factors influence how people form risk perceptions. Farmers' perceptions of risk and levels of risk aversion impact on decision-making about such things as technology adoption and disease management practices. Irrespective of the underlying factors that affect risk perceptions, those perceptions can be summarized by variables capturing impact and uncertainty components of risk. We discuss a new framework that has the subjective probability of disease and the cost of decision errors as its central features, which might allow a better integration of social science and epidemiology, to the benefit of plant disease management. By focusing on the probability and cost (or impact) dimensions of risk, the framework integrates research from the social sciences, economics, decision theory, and epidemiology. In particular, we review some useful properties of expected regret and skill value, two measures of expected cost that are particularly useful in the evaluation of decision tools. We highlight decision-theoretic constraints on the usefulness of decision tools that may partly explain cases of failure of adoption. We extend this analysis by considering information-theoretic criteria that link model complexity and relative performance and which might explain why users reject forecasters that impose even moderate increases in the complexity of decision making despite improvements in performance or accept very simple decision tools that have relatively poor performance.

scholarly journals Cooperation and Coordination in Plant Disease Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (10) ◽  
pp. 1720-1731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Sherman ◽  
Jordan M. Burke ◽  
David H. Gent
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Trust And Reciprocity ◽  
Plant Disease Management

Scaling of management efforts beyond the boundaries of individual farms may require that individuals act collectively. Such approaches have been suggested several times in plant pathology contexts but rarely have been implemented, in part because the institutional structures that enable successful collective action are poorly understood. In this research, we conducted in-depth interviews with hop producers in Oregon and Washington State to identify their motivations for and barriers to collective action regarding communication of disease levels, coordination of management practices, and sharing of best management practices and other data for powdery mildew (caused by Podosphaera macularis). Growers were generally open to and engaged in communication with neighbors and others on disease status in their hop yards and some evidence of higher levels of information sharing on management practices was found. However, growers who had developed extensive knowledge and databases were reluctant to share information viewed as proprietary. Relationships, trust, and reciprocity were facilitating factors for communication and information sharing, whereas lack of these factors and social norms of independence and pride in portions of the grower community were identified as impediments. Given the heterogeneity of trust, lack of confidence in reciprocity, and weak shared norms, communication of disease risk and coordinated management may be most successful if directed at a smaller scale as a series of neighborhood-based partnerships of growers and their immediate neighbors. Developing a disease reporting system and coordinated disease management efforts with more producers and at larger spatial extents would require formalized structures and rules that would provide assurance that there is consistency in disease data collection and reporting, reciprocation, and sanctions for those who use the information for marketing purposes against other growers. Given the analyses presented here, we believe there is potential for collective action in disease management but with limitations on the scope and nature of the actions.

scholarly journals Priority selection of agro-meteorological parameters for integrated plant diseases management through analytical hierarchy process

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 649
Author(s):  
Rutuja Rajendra Patil ◽  
Sumit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Heat Index ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Management Decision Making ◽  
Plant Disease Management

To understand the influence of agro-meteorological parameters to take decisions related to various factors in an integrated plant disease management, it becomes vital to carry out scientific studies on the factors affecting it. The different agro-meteorological parameters namely temperature, humidity, moisture, rain, phenological week, cropping season, soil type, location, precipitation, heat index, and cloud coverage have been considered for this study. Each parameter has been allocated the ranking by using a technique called analytical hierarchical process (AHP). The parameter priorities are determined by calculating the Eigenvalues. This helps to make decisions related to integrated plant disease management where the prediction of plant disease occurrence, yield prediction, irrigation requirements, and fertilization recommendations can be taken. To take these decisions which parameters are good indicators can be identified using this method. The parameters majorly contribute to plant diseases and pest management decision making while delivers minor contribution in irrigation and fertilizer management related decision making. The manual results are compared with software generated results which indicates that both the results correlate with each other. Therefore, AHP technique can be successfully implemented for prioritizing agro-meteorological parameters for integrated plant diseases management as the results for both levels are consistent (consistency ratio < 0.1).

scholarly journals Perception of Risk for Older Adults: Differences in Evaluations for Self versus Others and across Risk Domains

Gerontology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan J. Rolison ◽  
Yaniv Hanoch ◽  
Alexandra M. Freund
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
Surrogate Decision

Background and Objectives: Proxy decision-making may be flawed by inaccurate perceptions of risk. This may be particularly true when older adults are the targets of the decisions, given the pervasive negative stereotypes about older adults. Methods: In study 1, individuals aged 18- to 87 years (as target persons) as well as one of their close social partners (as informants) reported on the risks they perceived for the target person in various life domains. Study 2 additionally explored potential differences in how people make risky decisions on behalf of younger and older adult targets. Younger (age 18–35 years) and older (age 60–81 years) adults (as target persons of the risk evaluations) as well as informants reported on risk perceptions and the likelihood of risk-taking for health, financial, and social scenarios concerning the target persons. Congruence between self-rated and informant-rated risk perceptions and risk-taking were computed on a dyadic as well as a group level. Results: Informants’ risk perceptions were positively associated with the risks their partners perceived for themselves. Informants and their partners agreed that social risks vary little across adulthood, but they disagreed in terms of recreational, financial, and health risks, and in terms of the decisions they would make. Conclusion: Family members, partners, and close friends are sensitive to vulnerabilities of their social partners, but in some domains and according to their partners’ age they perceive a greater (or smaller) risk than their partners perceive for themselves. In situations requiring surrogate decision-making, people may decide differently from how their social partners would decide for themselves.

scholarly journals Reconsidering Leaf Wetness Duration Determination for Plant Disease Management

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Rowlandson ◽  
Mark Gleason ◽  
Paulo Sentelhas ◽  
Terry Gillespie ◽  
Carla Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Leaf Wetness Duration ◽  
Plant Disease Management

Relationships between leaf wetness and plant diseases have been studied for centuries. The progress and risk of many bacterial, fungal, and oomycete diseases on a variety of crops have been linked to the presence of free water on foliage and fruit under temperatures favorable to infection. Whereas the rate parameters for infection or epidemic models have frequently been linked with temperature during the wet periods, leaf wetness periods of specific time duration are necessary for the propagule germination of most phytopathogenic fungi and for their penetration of plant tissues. Using these types of relationships, disease-warning systems were developed and are now being used by grower communities for a variety of crops. As a component of Integrated Pest Management, disease-warning systems provide growers with information regarding the optimum timing for chemical or biological management practices based on weather variables most suitable for pathogen dispersal or host infection. Although these systems are robust enough to permit some errors in the estimates or measurements of leaf wetness duration, the need for highly accurate leaf wetness duration data remains a priority to achieve the most efficient disease management.

scholarly journals Effects of Emotion on Medical Decisions Involving Tradeoffs

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1027-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin M. Ellis ◽  
William M.P. Klein ◽  
Edward Orehek ◽  
Rebecca A. Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Willingness To Use ◽  
Risk Judgments

Risk perceptions for a disease can motivate use of medications that reduce disease risk. However, these medications are often accompanied by elevated risks for other adverse health effects, and perceived risk of these side effects may also influence decisions. Emotions experienced at the time of a decision influence risk judgments and decision making, and they may be important to examine in these tradeoff contexts. This study examined the effect of experimentally induced fear and anger on risk perceptions and willingness to use a hypothetical medical treatment that attenuates risk of one condition but increases the risk for another. Participants ( N = 1948) completed an induction of fear, anger, or neutral emotion and then read about a hypothetical medication that reduced risk for one health condition but increased risk for another, and they indicated their willingness to use it. Deliberative, experiential, and affective risk perceptions about both health conditions were measured, conditional on taking and not taking the medication. Fear condition participants were more willing to take the medication than those in the neutral condition (β = 0.14; P = 0.009; 95% confidence interval, 0.036–0.25). Fear also increased deliberative, experiential, and affective risk when conditioned on not using the medication, Ps < 0.05. In contrast, anger did not influence willingness to use the medication ( P = 0.22) and increased deliberative and affective risk of side effects when conditioned on using the medication ( P < 0.05). As one of the first studies to examine how emotion influences tradeoff decision making, these findings extend our understanding of how fear and anger influence such decisions.

scholarly journals Representasi Profesional Petani Padi-Sawah dalam Hubungannya dengan Praktek Pengendalian Hama

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurmala Katrina Pandjaitan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Adoption Of Innovation ◽  
Adult Training ◽  
Plant Disease Management ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Professional Context

The purpose of this research is to apprehend plant disease management practices from a psyhosocial viewpoint. Is there any relationship between plant disease management practices and the professional representations of the farmers? What influence does professional context have in this relationship? How does participation in SLPHT, used to spread IPM Practices, influence rice farmers in plant disease management? The relationship between professional representations and pest management practices varies depending on the professional context. When institutional coercion is marked, it is the legal prescriptions which influence the relationship between professional representations and practices. Inversely, when institutional coercion is less marked, professional representations guides practices. Participation in SLPHT is unrelated to plant disease management by the rice farmers. This research aims to contribute to the study of adult training by showing how the professional context can influence the adoption of innovation.

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