Molecular and alkaloid characterization of Claviceps purpurea sensu lato from grass seed production areas of the U.S. Pacific Northwest

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiah K. S. Dung ◽  
Jennifer M. Duringer ◽  
Navneet Kaur ◽  
Jeness C. Scott ◽  
Kenneth Frost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Ergot Alkaloid ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Elongation Factor 1Α ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Β Tubulin

Ergot, caused by Claviceps purpurea sensu lato, is an economically important seed replacement disease of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) seed crops. Claviceps purpurea sensu stricto is considered the primary Claviceps species responsible, but genetic diversity and cryptic species within C. purpurea sensu lato have previously been reported. Fifty-six C. purpurea sensu lato isolates collected from P. pratensis (n=21) and L. perenne (n=35) in Oregon and Washington between 2010 and 2014 were characterized using RAPD, partial ITS, β-tubulin and elongation factor-1α sequences, conidial size, and ergot alkaloid chemotype. Based on RAPD analysis, 7 isolates from P. pratensis and 33 isolates from L. perenne collected in Oregon corresponded to C. purpurea sensu stricto, while 13 isolates collected from P. pratensis in Washington and Oregon were identified as C. humidiphila. Partial ITS, β-tubulin, and elongation factor-1α sequences identified 10 isolates from P. pratensis as C. humidiphila, while seven isolates from P. pratensis and 33 isolates from L. perenne were identified as C. purpurea sensu stricto. Several isolates generated ambiguous RAPD bands and/or sequences that prevented identification. Ergot alkaloid chemotype profiling found that ergocornine and its epimer were predominant in sclerotia from P. pratensis, whereas ergotamine and its epimer were found in highest abundance in sclerotia from L. perenne. This study confirms the presence of the C. purpurea sensu lato species complex in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and suggests that more research is needed to characterize and mitigate Claviceps spp. infection of grass seed crops in North America.

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium Yellows and Rhizome Rot Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi on Ginger in the Continental United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpi Chawla ◽  
Reza A. Rafie ◽  
T. Michael Likins ◽  
Eunice Ndegwa ◽  
Shuxin Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Translation Elongation Factor ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Raised Bed ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Rhizome Rot ◽  
Β Tubulin

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is one of the most widely consumed medicinal herb in the world, and the U.S. imports of ginger have risen in recent years because of its health benefits. Seed rhizome and soilborne diseases are serious concerns of ginger worldwide (Stirling 2004; Moreira et al. 2013), including the recent observations of Fusarium yellows and rhizome rot in the Commonwealth of Virginia. In October 2018 and 2019, ginger plants with yellowing of leaf margins and stunted growth were uprooted from a 9.1 m × 14.6 m high tunnel (HT) and from an outdoor raised bed at Virginia State University’s Randolph farm. Disease incidence in the HT and the raised bed was estimated between 5-70%. Small pieces (2-5 mm) of symptomatic rhizomes were disinfected with 0.6% sodium hypochlorite solution and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) Petri plates to recover fungal isolates. Hyphal tips from these isolates were transferred to fresh PDA to obtain pure cultures. The fungal colonies were pinkish-white initially, and turned purplish-pink after 5-7 days of incubation at 25 °C. The microconidia were aseptate, oval or elliptical, hyaline, and measured 5 to 12 × 4 to 6 µm in size. Macroconidia were with 3 to 5 septations, curved like a sickle towards the ventral side, hyaline, smooth and thin-walled, and 15 to 40 × 3 to 6 µm in size. Fungal genomic DNA of one isolate (Gf-VA-3) was extracted from a 7-days old culture using PrepMan®Ultra (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Cheshire UK). Four conserved regions of the isolated pathogen, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor (EF), β-tubulin (Bt), and calmodulin (cal) gene regions were amplified using ITS1 and ITS4 (White et al. 1990), ef1α and ef2α (O’Donnell et al. 1998), Bt2a and Bt2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995), and calA1 and calQ1 (Carbone and Kohn 1999), respectively. PCR products were sequenced, and amplicons deposited in GenBank with accession numbers MT337417 for ITS, MT436712 for Bt, MT802441 for cal and MW816632 for EF. A 99-100% identity with Fusarium oxysporum was matched with accession nos. MW776326 for ITS, MN646766 for the β-tubulin, MT010904 for the calmodulin and MN258350 for the translation elongation factor genes. For pathogenicity test, six 6-week-old healthy ginger plants grown on sterilized potting mix in the greenhouse were inoculated by injecting 3-ml of a 1 × 108 micro- and macro-conidia suspension per ml at the crown area transcending to the rhizome. Another set of six plants were injected with distilled and autoclaved water in the same way. After four weeks, leaves withered, plants exhibited yellowing and wilt followed by stunted growth and eventually complete collapse of the six inoculated plants, however control plants showed none of the symptoms. The same pathogen was re-isolated from the inoculated plants. The pathogenicity test was repeated, and the same results were observed. Fusarium yellows and rhizome rot has been reported from Hawaii in the U.S. (Trujillo 1963), Brazil (Moreira et al. 2013), Australia (Stirling 2004), China (Li et al. 2014), and India (Shanmugam et al. 2013). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium yellows and rhizome rot on ginger in the Continental U.S. The disease is seed rhizome and soilborne leading to poor establishment and hence economic loss in ginger production

scholarly journals Specific Detection and Identification of Fusarium graminearum Sensu Stricto Using a PCR-RFLP Tool and Specific Primers Targeting the Translational Elongation Factor 1α Gene

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1076-1086
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hafez ◽  
Ahmed Abdelmagid ◽  
Lorne R. Adam ◽  
Fouad Daayf
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Restriction Pattern ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Specific Detection ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Elongation Factor 1Α ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Unique Restriction

Fusarium graminearum is a toxigenic plant pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease on cereal crops. It has recently shown to have cross-pathogenicity on noncereals (i.e., Fusarium root rot [FRR] on soybean) in Canada and elsewhere. Specific detection and differentiation of this potent toxigenic, trichothecene-producing pathogen among other closely related species is extremely important for disease control and mycotoxin monitoring. Here, we designed a PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism protocol based on the DNA sequence of the translational elongation factor 1α (TEF1α) gene. A unique restriction site to the enzyme HpaII is only found in F. graminearum sensu stricto strains among different Fusarium strains in the F. graminearum species complex (FGSC) and other Fusarium spp. associated with FHB in cereals and FRR in soybean. Partial amplification of the TEF1α gene with newly designed primers mh1/mh2 generated a 459-bp PCR fragment. Restriction digestion of the generated fragments with the HpaII enzyme generated a unique restriction pattern that can rapidly and accurately differentiate F. graminearum sensu stricto among all other Fusarium spp. A primer pair (FgssF/FgssR) specific to F. graminearum sensu stricto also was designed and can distinguish F. graminearum sensu stricto from all other Fusarium spp. in the FGSC and other closely related Fusarium spp. involved in FHB and FRR. This finding will be very useful for the specific detection of F. graminearum sensu stricto for diagnostic purposes as well as for the accurate detection of this pathogen in breeding and other research purposes.

scholarly journals Population Genetic Structure of Claviceps purpurea in Cool-Season Grass Seed Crops of Oregon

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 1773-1780
Author(s):  
Qunkang Cheng ◽  
Kenneth E. Frost ◽  
Jeremiah K. S. Dung
Keyword(s):  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Seed Head ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Ergot, caused by Claviceps purpurea, is a primary disease concern in irrigated cool-season grass seed production systems of Oregon. In order to better understand the genetic diversity, population structure, and the epidemiology of C. purpurea in grasses grown for seed, 226 isolates were obtained using a hierarchical sampling strategy from two fields each of Kentucky bluegrass (n = 102) and perennial ryegrass (n = 124) and characterized using 12 microsatellite markers. A total of 194 unique multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified in this study. There were moderate levels of genotypic diversity (H = 3.43 to 4.23) and gene diversity (Hexp = 0.45 to 0.57) within fields. After clone correction, analysis of molecular variance revealed that 66% of the genetic variation occurred between the two C. purpurea isolates collected from the same seed head of individual plants, indicating that many of the seed heads bearing multiple sclerotia were infected by ascospores rather than conidia. However, the majority of the clonal isolates obtained in this study were collected from the same seed head (i.e., the two isolates were identical MLGs), indicating a role of conidia (honeydew) in secondary infections within seed heads. Genetic differentiation was observed between populations from different hosts (22%) but was confounded by geography. The standardized index of association ranged from 0.007 to 0.122 among the four populations, suggesting potential outcrossing and differences in the relative contribution of ascospores and conidia to ergot among the fields. The results from this study provide insights into the epidemiology of ergot in cool-season grass seed crops of Oregon.

Erosional response to northward-propagating crustal thickening in the coastal ranges of the U.S. Pacific Northwest

2013 ◽  
Vol 313 (8) ◽  
pp. 790-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Balco ◽  
N. Finnegan ◽  
A. Gendaszek ◽  
J. O. H. Stone ◽  
N. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Crustal Thickening ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Assessment of ergot (Claviceps purpurea) exposure in pregnant and postpartum beef cows

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Grusie ◽  
V. Cowan ◽  
J. Singh ◽  
J. McKinnon ◽  
B. Blakley
Keyword(s):  
Ergot Alkaloid ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
The Impact

Cows were fed ration for 9 wk containing 5, 48, 201, and 822 μg kg−1 ergot alkaloids. The objective was to evaluate the impact of ergot consumption in beef cow–calf operations. Ergot alkaloids up to 822 μg kg−1 did not alter the weight of peripartum and postpartum beef cows (P = 0.93) or nursing calves (P = 0.08), rectal temperature (P = 0.16), or plasma prolactin concentrations (P = 0.30) at moderate ambient temperatures. Ergot did not influence the time (>1 ng mL−1; P = 0.79) or the progesterone concentration (P = 0.38) at the time of first postpartum rise or the size of the first (14 ± 0.6 mm; P = 0.40) and second (13 ± 0.5 mm; P = 0.41) follicles to ovulate. The maximum size of the first postpartum corpus luteum (CL) was 4 mm larger in the 822 μg kg−1 ergot group compared with the control (P = 0.03) for the first ovulation post partum, but not for the second (P = 0.11). There was no effect of ergot exposure on the number of days until the appearance of the first (43 ± 4 d; P = 0.95) or second (52 ± 4 d; P = 0.98) CL post partum. Ergot alkaloid concentrations up to 822 μg kg−1 did not affect pregnancy rates (X2 = 0.36). In conclusion, ergot alkaloid exposure for 9 wk to concentrations as high as 822 μg kg−1 did not alter performance in pregnant and postpartum beef cattle at moderate ambient temperatures.

scholarly journals Estimating a global demand model for soybean traffic through the Panama Canal

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Ho ◽  
Paul Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Alternative Routes ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThis study attempts to fit a global demand model for soybean traffic through the Panama Canal using Ordinary Least Square. Most of the soybean cargo through the interoceanic waterway is loaded on the U.S. Gulf and East Coast ports -mainly destined to East Asia, especially China-, and represented about 34% of total Panama Canal grain traffic between fiscal years 2010–19. To estimate the global demand model for soybean traffic, we are considering explanatory variables such as effective toll rates through the Panama Canal, U.S. Gulf- Asia and U.S. Pacific Northwest- Asia freight rates, Baltic Dry Index, bunker costs, soybean export inspections from the U.S. Gulf and Pacific Northwest, U.S. Gulf soybean basis levels, Brazil’s soybean exports and average U.S. dollar index. As part of the research, we are pursuing the estimation of the toll rate elasticity of vessels transporting soybeans via the Panama Canal. Data come mostly from several U.S. Department of Agriculture sources, Brazil’s Secretariat of Foreign Trade (SECEX) and from Panama Canal transit information. Finally, after estimation of the global demand model for soybean traffic, we will discuss the implications for future soybean traffic through the waterway, evaluating alternative routes and sources for this trade.

Biochemical analysis of the interaction between elongation factor 1α and α/β-tubulins from a ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis

FEBS Letters ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 453 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masumi Nakazawa ◽  
David Moreira ◽  
Jacqueline Laurent ◽  
Hervé Le Guyader ◽  
Yasuo Fukami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽  
Elongation Factor 1Α
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