Dopamine enhances the resistance of apple to Valsa mali infection

Apple Valsa canker is considered one of the most serious apple diseases. Dopamine is a catecholamine with key physiological functions in plants. Tyrosine decarboxylase (TYDC) is not only involved in the synthesis of dopamine in plants but may also play an important role in the resistance of plants to pathogen infection. In this study, we show that 100 μM exogenous dopamine application and MdTYDC (Malus domestica TYDC) overexpression (OE) enhances the resistance of apple to V. mali (Valsa mali) infection, likely because the increased dopamine content reduces the accumulation of H2O2 and increases the accumulation of phenolic compounds and salicylic acid (SA) in dopamine-treated and OE apple plants. The activity of chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase and the expression of SA-related genes were induced more strongly by V. mali in dopamine-treated and OE apples. The dopamine content was significantly higher in dopamine-treated and OE apples than in their respective controls under both normal and inoculated conditions (P < 0.05). Overall, these findings indicate that the application of exogenous dopamine and the overexpression of MdTYDC may enhance the resistance of apples to V. mali infection by altering the dopamine content, which improves antioxidant capacity, promotes the accumulation of phenolic compounds and SA, and enhances the activity of disease resistance-related proteins.

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Study on Interactions between the Major Apple Valsa Canker Pathogen Valsa mali and Its Biocontrol Agent Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015 Using RT-qPCR

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0162174 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. e0162174 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dongying Fan ◽

Yanfang Li ◽

Lingyun Zhao ◽

Zhengpeng Li ◽

Lili Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biocontrol Agent ◽

Canker Pathogen ◽

Valsa Canker ◽

Apple Valsa Canker ◽

Valsa Mali

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Development and application of a LAMP assay for the detection of the latent apple tree pathogen Valsa mali

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-07-20-1449-re ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Liangsheng Xu ◽

Yibo Wang ◽

Shan Zhu ◽

Jianyu Li ◽

Yali Chang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Apple Tree ◽

Color Change ◽

Lamp Assay ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Intercalating Dye ◽

Valsa Canker ◽

Apple Valsa Canker ◽

Species Specific ◽

Disease Pressure ◽

Valsa Mali

Valsa mali, the causal agent of apple Valsa canker (AVC), produces cankers, resulting in the death of infected tissues and eventually the entire tree. Due to the long latent period of the disease, it is necessary to develop a rapid, sensitive and reliable field-based assay to effectively diagnose AVC when the plant is still symptomless. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a novel detection method that synthesizes large amount of DNA and produces the visible byproduct (magnesium pyrophosphate) without conventional thermal cycling. A set of six LAMP primers were designed to target a species specific region of the EF-1α sequence which can be completed at 61 ˚C in 60 min. A positive result is indicated by color change after adding the intercalating dye SYBR Green I. The specificity of the LAMP was validated using DNA from 45 representative isolates of V. mali as well as closely related species V. malicola, V. leucostoma and V. sordida. The sensitivity of the LAMP was determined to be 1 ng/μL of DNA or as few as 10 spores. Since the assay does not require expensive equipment or specialized techniques, the LAMP-based diagnostic method can be applied under field conditions to more precisely and efficiently access disease pressure in apple orchards.

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Infection of Two Heterologous Mycoviruses Reduces the Virulence of Valsa mali, a Fungal Agent of Apple Valsa Canker Disease

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.659210 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Shian Yang ◽

Ruoyin Dai ◽

Lakha Salaipeth ◽

Lili Huang ◽

Jie Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rna Silencing ◽

Horizontal Transmission ◽

Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽

Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽

Canker Disease ◽

Chestnut Blight Fungus ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Valsa Canker ◽

Apple Valsa Canker ◽

Valsa Mali

Mycovirus infection has been widely shown to attenuate the virulence of phytopathogenic fungi. Valsa mali is an agriculturally important fungus that causes Valsa canker disease in apple trees. In this study, two unrelated mycoviruses [Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1, genus Hypovirus, and single-stranded RNA) and Mycoreovirus 1 (MyRV1, genus Mycoreovirus, double-stranded RNA)] that originated from Cryphonectria parasitica (chestnut blight fungus) were singly or doubly introduced into V. mali via protoplast fusion. CHV1 and MyRV1 stably infected V. mali and caused a reduction in fungal vegetative growth and virulence. Co-infection of both viruses further reduced the virulence of V. mali but compromised the stability of CHV1 infection and horizontal transmission through hyphal anastomosis. Infections of MyRV1 and, to a lesser extent, CHV1 up-regulated the transcript expression of RNA silencing-related genes in V. mali. The accumulation of CHV1 (but not MyRV1) was elevated by the knockdown of dcl2, a key gene of the RNA silencing pathway. Similarly, the accumulation of CHV1 and the efficiency of the horizontal transmission of CHV1 during co-infection was restored by the knockdown of dcl2. Thus, CHV1 and MyRV1 are potential biological control agents for apple Valsa canker disease, but co-infection of both viruses has a negative effect on CHV1 infection in V. mali due to the activation of antiviral RNA silencing by MyRV1 infection.

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Impact of Field Application with Salicylic Acid on Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Growth, Yield and Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in Storage Seeds under Infestation with Acanthoscelides obtectus

Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.21608/alexja.2017.5765 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 (1) ◽

pp. 119-133

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Common Bean ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Field Application ◽

Acanthoscelides Obtectus

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Effects of salicylic acid on disease resistance and postharvest decay control of fruits

Stewart Postharvest Review ◽

10.2212/spr.2007.6.2 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Disease Resistance ◽

Postharvest Decay

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Uncoupling Salicylic Acid-Dependent Cell Death and Defense-Related Responses From Disease Resistance in the Arabidopsis Mutant acd5

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/156.1.341 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 156 (1) ◽

pp. 341-350

Author(s):

Jean T Greenberg ◽

F Paul Silverman ◽

Hua Liang

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Disease Resistance ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Ethylene Signaling ◽

Symptom Development ◽

Wild Type ◽

Dependent Cell ◽

Arabidopsis Mutant

Abstract Salicylic acid (SA) is required for resistance to many diseases in higher plants. SA-dependent cell death and defense-related responses have been correlated with disease resistance. The accelerated cell death 5 mutant of Arabidopsis provides additional genetic evidence that SA regulates cell death and defense-related responses. However, in acd5, these events are uncoupled from disease resistance. acd5 plants are more susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae early in development and show spontaneous SA accumulation, cell death, and defense-related markers later in development. In acd5 plants, cell death and defense-related responses are SA dependent but they do not confer disease resistance. Double mutants with acd5 and nonexpressor of PR1, in which SA signaling is partially blocked, show greatly attenuated cell death, indicating a role for NPR1 in controlling cell death. The hormone ethylene potentiates the effects of SA and is important for disease symptom development in Arabidopsis. Double mutants of acd5 and ethylene insensitive 2, in which ethylene signaling is blocked, show decreased cell death, supporting a role for ethylene in cell death control. We propose that acd5 plants mimic P. syringae-infected wild-type plants and that both SA and ethylene are normally involved in regulating cell death during some susceptible pathogen infections.

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Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10030608 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 608

Author(s):

Inma Arenas ◽

Miguel Ribeiro ◽

Luís Filipe-Ribeiro ◽

Rafael Vilamarim ◽

Elisa Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Protein Stability ◽

White Wine ◽

The Other ◽

White Wines ◽

Comparative Efficiency ◽

Fining Agents ◽

Protein Instability ◽

Related Proteins ◽

Protein Stabilisation

In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. PFSM increased the extraction of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides and reduced the extraction of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs). PFSM wine showed significantly higher protein instability. Sodium and calcium bentonites were used for protein stabilisation of wines obtained with PFSM (+PFSM) and without PFSM (−PFSM), and their efficiencies compared to fungal chitosan (FCH) and k-carrageenan. k-Carrageenan reduced the content of PRPs and the protein instability in both wines, and it was more efficient than sodium and calcium bentonites. FCH was unable to heat stabilise both wines, and PRPs levels remained unaltered. On the other hand, FCH decreased the levels of wine polysaccharides by 60%. Sodium and calcium bentonite also decreased the levels of wine polysaccharides although to a lower extent (16% to 59%). k-Carrageenan did not affect the wine polysaccharide levels. Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition.

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