scholarly journals Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation Reduces Viability of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor Sclerotia and Root-Knot Nematodes in Muck Soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-804
Author(s):  
Andres D. Sanabria-Velazquez ◽  
Anna L. Testen ◽  
Ram B. Khadka ◽  
Zhe Liu ◽  
Fuqing Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Muck Soil

Experiments were conducted to evaluate potential functional and mechanistic differences in the suppression of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor and root-knot nematodes in muck soils by anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) using different carbon source amendments. Volatile compounds produced during ASD in muck soil amended with molasses, wheat bran, or mustard greens at 20.2 Mg/ha or a 2% ethanol solution significantly reduced the mycelial growth and number of sclerotia produced by both Sclerotinia spp. compared with the anaerobic control. In amended soils, acetic and butyric acids were detected in concentrations that reduced the viability of sclerotia of both pathogens. Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide were observed in ASD-treated soils, regardless of the amendment, than in the nonamended anaerobic control. Only amendment with wheat bran did not increase the production of methane gas during ASD compared with the controls. Meloidogyne hapla survival was completely suppressed in soils treated with ASD regardless of carbon source. Field trials were conducted in Ohio muck soil to assess survival of sclerotia of both Sclerotinia spp. The viability of sclerotia of both Sclerotinia spp. was significantly reduced in soil subjected to ASD amended with wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha), molasses (10.1 Mg/ha), or wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha) plus molasses (10.1 Mg/ha) compared with the controls. A consistent negative correlation between soil reduction and viability of sclerotia of both pathogens was observed. Wheat bran and molasses are both widely available amendments that can be used as ASD carbon sources for the management of soilborne pathogens in muck soils.

scholarly journals Effects of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Paraguay

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-60
Author(s):  
Andres D. Sanabria-Velazquez ◽  
Anna L. Testen ◽  
Guillermo A. Enciso ◽  
Laura C. Soilan ◽  
Sally A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Reducing Conditions

The effects of anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia viability was tested in four field trials in Paraguay. Plots were amended with wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha), molasses (10.1 Mg/ha), or wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha) plus molasses (10.1 Mg/ha), saturated with water, and covered with black plastic mulch for 3 weeks. Control plots were not amended but were saturated and either covered (anaerobic control) or maintained uncovered (aerobic control). Tubes painted with iron oxide paint were placed in soils to assess soil reducing conditions. Sclerotia were buried 6 cm deep in treated and control soils along with temperature data loggers. After 3 weeks, the viability of sclerotia was significantly lower in all ASD-treated soils (4 to 52%) compared with the aerobic control soil (100%), regardless of the carbon source used. Sclerotial viability was also significantly reduced compared with anaerobic controls at three sites, depending on the carbon source used. A significant negative correlation between soil reducing conditions and sclerotia viability was observed at all sites. Wheat bran and molasses are widely available and inexpensive in Paraguay, and ASD with these carbon sources provides smallholder South American vegetable farmers with a new option for sustainable management of Sclerotinia and potentially other soilborne pathogens.

scholarly journals Synergy of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation and Trichoderma spp. in Rhizoctonia Root Rot Suppression

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram B. Khadka ◽  
Sally A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot

Potential synergy between anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) and Trichoderma spp. in suppression of Rhizoctonia root rot in radish was evaluated. A split-plot design with three replications was used; main plots were Trichoderma harzianum T22, Trichoderma asperellum NT25 and a non-Trichoderma control. Subplots were ASD carbon sources wheat bran, molasses, chicken manure, and mustard greens and two non-amended controls: anaerobic (covered and flooded) and aerobic (not covered or flooded). Carbon sources and Rhizoctonia solani inoculant were mixed with soil, placed in pots, and flooded, followed by drenching Trichoderma spore suspensions and sealing the pots in zip-lock bags. After 3 weeks, bags were removed, soil was aired for 1 week and radish “SSR-RR-27” was seeded. Rhizoctonia root rot severity and incidence were lowest in radish plants grown in ASD-treated soil amended with wheat bran, molasses, or mustard greens across all Trichoderma treatments. Disease severity was lower in radish plants treated with NT25 than with T22 or the non-Trichoderma control across all ASD treatments, and in radish grown in ASD-treated soil amended with wheat bran plus NT25 compared to ASD-wheat bran or NT25 alone. Rhizoctonia solani populations were significantly reduced by ASD treatment regardless of carbon source, while Trichoderma populations were not affected by ASD treatment with the exception of ASD-mustard greens. The interactions of either Trichoderma isolate and ASD with most carbon sources were additive, while T22 with ASD-molasses and NT25 with ASD–wheat bran interactions were synergistic in reducing disease severity. One interaction, T22 with ASD-chicken manure was antagonistic. Enhancement of ASD efficacy in suppressing soilborne diseases such as Rhizoctonia root rot by additional soil amendment with Trichoderma spp. during the process appears to be dependent on both Trichoderma isolate and ASD carbon source.

scholarly journals Carbon Source and Soil Origin Shape Soil Microbiomes and Tomato Soilborne Pathogen Populations During Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Testen ◽  
Sally A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Soilborne Diseases ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Soil Bacterial Communities ◽  
Soil Origin ◽  
Soil Bacterial

Soilborne disease complexes are an emerging constraint in protected culture tomato production systems in the Midwestern United States. Diseases in these complexes include Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae), black dot root rot (Colletotrichum coccodes), corky root rot (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici), and root knot (Meloidogyne spp.). Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) may be a viable, environmentally benign strategy for managing these complexes. Soils from two farms in Ohio were used to determine the impacts of ASD, using wheat bran, molasses, or ethanol as carbon sources, on soilborne diseases and soil bacterial communities. ASD with wheat bran or ethanol amendments led to significantly reduced tomato root rot severity, while nematode galling damage was significantly reduced following ASD with any carbon source compared with nontreated controls. When ethanol was used as a carbon source in ASD, the colonization of tomato roots by P. lycopersici and C. coccodes was observed less frequently than in control roots. A high throughput sequencing approach was used to characterize soil bacterial communities following ASD. Carbon source and soil origin influenced the composition of bacterial communities in soils treated with ASD. Bacterial community diversity decreased following ASD with wheat bran in all soils tested and following ASD with ethanol in soils from one farm. The abundance of bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes generally increased significantly following ASD, while the abundance of those in the phyla Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Plantomycetes generally decreased following ASD. These findings provide insight into the impacts of ASD on microbial communities and soilborne diseases and will be used to optimize ASD as a tool for Midwestern vegetable growers.

scholarly journals Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation to Manage Soilborne Diseases in Muck Soil Vegetable Production Systems

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 1757-1762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Testen ◽  
Sally A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Soilborne Diseases ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Muck Soil

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) was evaluated as a tool for managing the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, in mustard greens (Brassica juncea) produced on Ohio muck soils in Huron and Stark Counties. In two consecutive years of field trials, wheat bran (20.2 Mg ha−1), molasses (10.1 Mg ha−1), and wheat bran (20.2 Mg ha−1) plus molasses (10.1 Mg ha−1) were assessed as ASD carbon sources and compared with nonamended controls. Data were collected from plants grown in the field and from plants grown in field-treated soils in growth chamber-based post-ASD bioassays. Anaerobic conditions developed in ASD-treated soils in both trial years, as indicated by polyvinyl chloride pipes painted with an iron oxide paint. Soil pH did not decrease during ASD at the Huron County site of the mustard greens clubroot trials in either trial year but soil pH decreased significantly during ASD in Stark County soils treated with ASD with either wheat bran or wheat bran plus molasses compared with control soils in both trial years. Impacts of ASD on plant biomass were inconsistent in direct field measurements; however, significantly higher biomasses were observed in lettuce and mustard greens grown in bioassay soils collected from plots treated with ASD with wheat bran-based amendments compared with plants grown in soils from control plots. Based on direct field measurements and bioassays, the use of ASD with any carbon source led to significant reductions in root-knot nematode galling on lettuce compared with controls. Reductions in clubroot severity in mustard greens following ASD were less consistent; however, significant reductions in clubroot severity were observed in the field in one trial year and in both years of bioassays. The results of these studies indicate that ASD is a promising tool for managing soilborne diseases in muck soil vegetable production systems.

scholarly journals Production of Feruloyl Esterase from Aspergillus niger by Solid-State Fermentation on Different Carbon Sources

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyi Ou ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Ning Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Feruloyl Esterase ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Maize Bran

A mixture of wheat bran with maize bran as a carbon source and addition of (NH4)SO4 as nitrogen source was found to significantly increase production of feruloyl esterase (FAE) enzyme compared with wheat bran as a sole carbon and nitrogen source. The optimal conditions in conical flasks were carbon source (30 g) to water 1 : 1, maize bran to wheat bran 1 : 2, (NH4)SO4 1.2 g and MgSO4 70 mg. Under these conditions, FAE activity was 7.68 mU/g. The FAE activity on the mixed carbon sources showed, high activity against the plant cell walls contained in the cultures.

scholarly journals Effects of anaerobic soil disinfestation carbon sources on soilborne diseases and weeds of okra and eggplant in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 104846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram B. Khadka ◽  
Madan Marasini ◽  
Ranjana Rawal ◽  
Anna L. Testen ◽  
Sally A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Soilborne Diseases ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation

Anaerobic soil disinfestation efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum is affected by soil temperature, and amendment type, rate and C:N ratio

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utsala Shrestha ◽  
Bonnie H. Ownley ◽  
Alexander Bruce ◽  
Erin N. Rosskopf ◽  
David Michael Butler
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Soil Temperatures

A meta-analysis of anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) and Fo f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) was conducted emphasizing effects of environment and organic amendment characteristics, and pot and field studies conducted on ASD amendment C:N ratio and soil temperature effects on Fol inoculum survival. In a pot study, two organic amendments, dry molasses-based or wheat bran-based applied at 4 mg C/g soil, with 40:1, 30:1, 20:1, and 10:1 C:N ratios, were evaluated against Fol at 15-25°C. This was followed by a pot study at temperature regimes of 15-25°C and 25-35°C, and two C:N ratios (20:1 and 40:1), and a field study at 40:1, 30:1, 20:1, and 10:1 C:N ratios, 30:1 C:N ratio at lower C rate (2 mg C/g soil), and an anaerobic control. Soil temperature above 25°C, and more labile amendments, increased ASD suppression of Fo/Fol in the meta-analysis. In pot studies, Fol survival was reduced for molasses-based mixtures at 20:1 and 30:1 C:N ratios, compared to wheat bran-based, but not compared to the anaerobic control. At 25-35°C, all ASD treatments suppressed Fol relative to controls. In the field, all ASD treatments reduced Fol survival compared to the anaerobic control, and 4 mg C/g soil amendment rates induced increased anaerobic conditions and higher Fol mortality compared to the 2 mg C/g soil rate. While amendment C:N ratios from 10 to 40:1 were similarly suppressive of Fo, lower temperatures reduced ASD effectiveness against Fo/Fol and further work is warranted to enhance suppression at soil temperatures below 25°C.

scholarly journals Maltose and Totally Impermeable Film Enhanced Suppression of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation on Soilborne Pathogens and Increased Strawberry Yield

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5456
Author(s):  
Zhaoxin Song ◽  
Dongdong Yan ◽  
Wensheng Fang ◽  
Bin Huang ◽  
Xianli Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Soil Nutrition ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is widely used to control soilborne diseases in organic crop production. The effect of ASD used different sealed films on soilborne pathogens and strawberry growth was evaluated in two laboratory studies and two field trials. Under maltose as carbon sources, 28 °C temperature and 30% of soil moisture optimal conditions ASD decreased Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. by 100%. ASD used maltose as an organic amendment and sealed with totally impermeable film (TIF) obtained the highest suppression (>96%) against Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. (>91%). According to the laboratory results, the efficacy of ASD utilizing 6 or 9 t/ha maltose and sealing with TIF was evaluated and compared with reference treatment with chloropicrin (Pic) or solarization (Sol) in the field trials. Compared with the untreated soil, ASD treatments greatly reduced the pathogenic population of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp., and successfully controlled the damage of fusarium wilt with evidence of lower mortality (6%). ASD significantly increased soil nutrition promoted plant growth and increased strawberry yield, which was similar as the Pic, but better than Sol treatment. The analyzed fungal and bacterial microbiota did not show significant differences in the taxonomic richness and diversity between the compared treatments. Nevertheless, the abundance of some bacterial and fungal taxa tended to change between treated. The evidence showed that adding maltose and sealing TIF for ASD has the potential to replace Pic for pathogen control in commercial strawberry production.

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