scholarly journals Synergy of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation and Trichoderma spp. in Rhizoctonia Root Rot Suppression

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram B. Khadka ◽  
Sally A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot

Potential synergy between anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) and Trichoderma spp. in suppression of Rhizoctonia root rot in radish was evaluated. A split-plot design with three replications was used; main plots were Trichoderma harzianum T22, Trichoderma asperellum NT25 and a non-Trichoderma control. Subplots were ASD carbon sources wheat bran, molasses, chicken manure, and mustard greens and two non-amended controls: anaerobic (covered and flooded) and aerobic (not covered or flooded). Carbon sources and Rhizoctonia solani inoculant were mixed with soil, placed in pots, and flooded, followed by drenching Trichoderma spore suspensions and sealing the pots in zip-lock bags. After 3 weeks, bags were removed, soil was aired for 1 week and radish “SSR-RR-27” was seeded. Rhizoctonia root rot severity and incidence were lowest in radish plants grown in ASD-treated soil amended with wheat bran, molasses, or mustard greens across all Trichoderma treatments. Disease severity was lower in radish plants treated with NT25 than with T22 or the non-Trichoderma control across all ASD treatments, and in radish grown in ASD-treated soil amended with wheat bran plus NT25 compared to ASD-wheat bran or NT25 alone. Rhizoctonia solani populations were significantly reduced by ASD treatment regardless of carbon source, while Trichoderma populations were not affected by ASD treatment with the exception of ASD-mustard greens. The interactions of either Trichoderma isolate and ASD with most carbon sources were additive, while T22 with ASD-molasses and NT25 with ASD–wheat bran interactions were synergistic in reducing disease severity. One interaction, T22 with ASD-chicken manure was antagonistic. Enhancement of ASD efficacy in suppressing soilborne diseases such as Rhizoctonia root rot by additional soil amendment with Trichoderma spp. during the process appears to be dependent on both Trichoderma isolate and ASD carbon source.

scholarly journals Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation Reduces Viability of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor Sclerotia and Root-Knot Nematodes in Muck Soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-804
Author(s):  
Andres D. Sanabria-Velazquez ◽  
Anna L. Testen ◽  
Ram B. Khadka ◽  
Zhe Liu ◽  
Fuqing Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Muck Soil

Experiments were conducted to evaluate potential functional and mechanistic differences in the suppression of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor and root-knot nematodes in muck soils by anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) using different carbon source amendments. Volatile compounds produced during ASD in muck soil amended with molasses, wheat bran, or mustard greens at 20.2 Mg/ha or a 2% ethanol solution significantly reduced the mycelial growth and number of sclerotia produced by both Sclerotinia spp. compared with the anaerobic control. In amended soils, acetic and butyric acids were detected in concentrations that reduced the viability of sclerotia of both pathogens. Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide were observed in ASD-treated soils, regardless of the amendment, than in the nonamended anaerobic control. Only amendment with wheat bran did not increase the production of methane gas during ASD compared with the controls. Meloidogyne hapla survival was completely suppressed in soils treated with ASD regardless of carbon source. Field trials were conducted in Ohio muck soil to assess survival of sclerotia of both Sclerotinia spp. The viability of sclerotia of both Sclerotinia spp. was significantly reduced in soil subjected to ASD amended with wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha), molasses (10.1 Mg/ha), or wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha) plus molasses (10.1 Mg/ha) compared with the controls. A consistent negative correlation between soil reduction and viability of sclerotia of both pathogens was observed. Wheat bran and molasses are both widely available amendments that can be used as ASD carbon sources for the management of soilborne pathogens in muck soils.

scholarly journals Carbon Source and Soil Origin Shape Soil Microbiomes and Tomato Soilborne Pathogen Populations During Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Testen ◽  
Sally A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Soilborne Diseases ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Soil Bacterial Communities ◽  
Soil Origin ◽  
Soil Bacterial

Soilborne disease complexes are an emerging constraint in protected culture tomato production systems in the Midwestern United States. Diseases in these complexes include Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae), black dot root rot (Colletotrichum coccodes), corky root rot (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici), and root knot (Meloidogyne spp.). Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) may be a viable, environmentally benign strategy for managing these complexes. Soils from two farms in Ohio were used to determine the impacts of ASD, using wheat bran, molasses, or ethanol as carbon sources, on soilborne diseases and soil bacterial communities. ASD with wheat bran or ethanol amendments led to significantly reduced tomato root rot severity, while nematode galling damage was significantly reduced following ASD with any carbon source compared with nontreated controls. When ethanol was used as a carbon source in ASD, the colonization of tomato roots by P. lycopersici and C. coccodes was observed less frequently than in control roots. A high throughput sequencing approach was used to characterize soil bacterial communities following ASD. Carbon source and soil origin influenced the composition of bacterial communities in soils treated with ASD. Bacterial community diversity decreased following ASD with wheat bran in all soils tested and following ASD with ethanol in soils from one farm. The abundance of bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes generally increased significantly following ASD, while the abundance of those in the phyla Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Plantomycetes generally decreased following ASD. These findings provide insight into the impacts of ASD on microbial communities and soilborne diseases and will be used to optimize ASD as a tool for Midwestern vegetable growers.

scholarly journals Effects of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Paraguay

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-60
Author(s):  
Andres D. Sanabria-Velazquez ◽  
Anna L. Testen ◽  
Guillermo A. Enciso ◽  
Laura C. Soilan ◽  
Sally A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Reducing Conditions

The effects of anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia viability was tested in four field trials in Paraguay. Plots were amended with wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha), molasses (10.1 Mg/ha), or wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha) plus molasses (10.1 Mg/ha), saturated with water, and covered with black plastic mulch for 3 weeks. Control plots were not amended but were saturated and either covered (anaerobic control) or maintained uncovered (aerobic control). Tubes painted with iron oxide paint were placed in soils to assess soil reducing conditions. Sclerotia were buried 6 cm deep in treated and control soils along with temperature data loggers. After 3 weeks, the viability of sclerotia was significantly lower in all ASD-treated soils (4 to 52%) compared with the aerobic control soil (100%), regardless of the carbon source used. Sclerotial viability was also significantly reduced compared with anaerobic controls at three sites, depending on the carbon source used. A significant negative correlation between soil reducing conditions and sclerotia viability was observed at all sites. Wheat bran and molasses are widely available and inexpensive in Paraguay, and ASD with these carbon sources provides smallholder South American vegetable farmers with a new option for sustainable management of Sclerotinia and potentially other soilborne pathogens.

scholarly journals Carbon Source-Dependent Effects of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation on Soil Microbiome and Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani AG-5 and Pratylenchus penetrans

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (9) ◽  
pp. 1015-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashika S. Hewavitharana ◽  
Mark Mazzola
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Soil Suppressiveness ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation

The effect of carbon source on efficacy of anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) toward suppression of apple root infection by Rhizoctonia solani AG-5 and Pratylenchus penetrans was examined. Orchard grass (GR), rice bran (RB), ethanol (ET), composted steer manure (CM), and Brassica juncea seed meal (SM) were used as ASD carbon inputs, with plant assays conducted in natural and pasteurized orchard soils. Subsequent studies investigated the effect of GR application rate used in ASD on control of these pathogens. In general, apple root infection by R. solani AG-5 was significantly lower in ET, GR, RB, and SM ASD treatments compared with the control. Among different ASD treatments, apple seedling growth was significantly greater when GR or SM was used as the carbon input relative to all other ASD treatments. R. solani AG-5 DNA abundance was significantly reduced in all ASD treatments, regardless of amendment type, compared with the control. In independent experiments, ASD-GR was consistently superior to ASD-CM for limiting pathogen activity in soils. ASD treatment with a grass input rate of 20 t ha−1 provided superior suppression of P. penetrans but grass application rate did not affect ASD efficacy in control of R. solani AG-5. The soil microbiome from ASD-GR-treated soils was clearly distinct from the control and ASD-CM-treated soils. In contrast, composition of the microbiome from control and ASD-CM-treated soils could not be differentiated. Comparative results from pasteurized and nonpasteurized soils suggest that there is potential for GR based ASD treatment to recruit microbial elements that persist over the anaerobic phase of soil incubation, which may functionally contribute to disease suppression. When ASD was conducted with GR, microbial diversity was markedly reduced relative to the control or ASD-CM soil suggesting that this parameter, typically associated with system resilience, was not instrumental to the function of ASD-induced soil suppressiveness.

scholarly journals Composted Chicken Manure for Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation Increased the Strawberry Yield and Shifted the Soil Microbial Communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6313
Author(s):  
Zhaoxin Song ◽  
Sebastien Massart ◽  
Dongdong Yan ◽  
Hongyan Cheng ◽  
Mathilde Eck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Soil Nutrition ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Oxidation Reduction

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD), as a bio-fumigation technology, has been developed to control soil-borne pests. There is increasing evidence showing that carbon sources and cover tarps play an important role in the ASD suppression of soil-borne pests, but little is known about the effect of composted chicken manure (CCM) and totally impermeable films (TIF) against soil-borne pests in the strawberry production system. In experiments, the colonies of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp., which are recognized to cause strawberry soil-borne diseases, decreased significantly after ASD. The soil promoted a significant increase in ammonium nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and organic matter, but a decrease in oxidation-reduction potential after ASD. Besides, the strawberry plant height, stem thickness and yield were significantly higher than in the non-amended soil. Compared to the untreated control, ASD, both at 6 and 12 ton/ha of CCM, significantly (p = 0.05) increased strawberry marketable yield and income. The economic benefit could be due to the suppression of soil-borne diseases and the improvement of soil nutrition. The soil bacterial and fungal diversity and richness increased after soil fumigation. The increased presence of biological control agents led to the suppression of soil-borne pathogens. In summary, ASD with CCM amendments could be applied in pre-plant fumigation to control strawberry soil-borne pests, strengthen soil fertility, improve crop yield and increase growers’ income.

scholarly journals Production of Feruloyl Esterase from Aspergillus niger by Solid-State Fermentation on Different Carbon Sources

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyi Ou ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Ning Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Feruloyl Esterase ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Maize Bran

A mixture of wheat bran with maize bran as a carbon source and addition of (NH4)SO4 as nitrogen source was found to significantly increase production of feruloyl esterase (FAE) enzyme compared with wheat bran as a sole carbon and nitrogen source. The optimal conditions in conical flasks were carbon source (30 g) to water 1 : 1, maize bran to wheat bran 1 : 2, (NH4)SO4 1.2 g and MgSO4 70 mg. Under these conditions, FAE activity was 7.68 mU/g. The FAE activity on the mixed carbon sources showed, high activity against the plant cell walls contained in the cultures.

scholarly journals Effects of anaerobic soil disinfestation carbon sources on soilborne diseases and weeds of okra and eggplant in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 104846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram B. Khadka ◽  
Madan Marasini ◽  
Ranjana Rawal ◽  
Anna L. Testen ◽  
Sally A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Soilborne Diseases ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation

Role of antibiosis in antagonism of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. geldanus to Rhizoctonia solani in soil

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1440-1447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig S. Rothrock ◽  
David Gottlieb
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Antibiotic Production ◽  
Streptomyces Hygroscopicus ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Inhibitory Compounds ◽  
Affected Plant

Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. geldanus controlled rhizoctonia root rot of pea in previously sterilized soil if incubated for 2 or more days prior to infesting soil with Rhizoctonia solani and planting. Streptomyces hygroscopicus also reduced saprophytic growth and the population of R. solani in soil. Growth of R. solani was inhibited by geldanamycin, an antibiotic produced by S. hygroscopicus, on nutrient media. Methanol extracts of soils in which the antagonist was incubated for 2 or more days inhibited growth of R. solani. Geldanamycin concentration was 88 μg per gram of soil after 7 days of incubation. Bioautography of soil extracts indicated that the inhibitory compounds were geldanamycin and two other compounds, also found in the geldanamycin standard. The period of incubation necessary for antibiotic production and disease control was similar, with no disease control occurring where no antibiotic was detected. Amending soil with geldanamycin, in amounts equivalent to that produced after 2 or 7 days of incubation, controlled disease and reduced saprophytic growth of the pathogen. Lesser amounts of the antibiotic did neither. No evidence for antagonism owing to competition (nitrogen, carbon) or parasitism was found. Streptomyces hygroscopicus and geldanamycin also affected plant growth.

Anaerobic soil disinfestation efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum is affected by soil temperature, and amendment type, rate and C:N ratio

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utsala Shrestha ◽  
Bonnie H. Ownley ◽  
Alexander Bruce ◽  
Erin N. Rosskopf ◽  
David Michael Butler
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Soil Temperatures

A meta-analysis of anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) and Fo f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) was conducted emphasizing effects of environment and organic amendment characteristics, and pot and field studies conducted on ASD amendment C:N ratio and soil temperature effects on Fol inoculum survival. In a pot study, two organic amendments, dry molasses-based or wheat bran-based applied at 4 mg C/g soil, with 40:1, 30:1, 20:1, and 10:1 C:N ratios, were evaluated against Fol at 15-25°C. This was followed by a pot study at temperature regimes of 15-25°C and 25-35°C, and two C:N ratios (20:1 and 40:1), and a field study at 40:1, 30:1, 20:1, and 10:1 C:N ratios, 30:1 C:N ratio at lower C rate (2 mg C/g soil), and an anaerobic control. Soil temperature above 25°C, and more labile amendments, increased ASD suppression of Fo/Fol in the meta-analysis. In pot studies, Fol survival was reduced for molasses-based mixtures at 20:1 and 30:1 C:N ratios, compared to wheat bran-based, but not compared to the anaerobic control. At 25-35°C, all ASD treatments suppressed Fol relative to controls. In the field, all ASD treatments reduced Fol survival compared to the anaerobic control, and 4 mg C/g soil amendment rates induced increased anaerobic conditions and higher Fol mortality compared to the 2 mg C/g soil rate. While amendment C:N ratios from 10 to 40:1 were similarly suppressive of Fo, lower temperatures reduced ASD effectiveness against Fo/Fol and further work is warranted to enhance suppression at soil temperatures below 25°C.

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