Maltose and Totally Impermeable Film Enhanced Suppression of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation on Soilborne Pathogens and Increased Strawberry Yield

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is widely used to control soilborne diseases in organic crop production. The effect of ASD used different sealed films on soilborne pathogens and strawberry growth was evaluated in two laboratory studies and two field trials. Under maltose as carbon sources, 28 °C temperature and 30% of soil moisture optimal conditions ASD decreased Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. by 100%. ASD used maltose as an organic amendment and sealed with totally impermeable film (TIF) obtained the highest suppression (>96%) against Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. (>91%). According to the laboratory results, the efficacy of ASD utilizing 6 or 9 t/ha maltose and sealing with TIF was evaluated and compared with reference treatment with chloropicrin (Pic) or solarization (Sol) in the field trials. Compared with the untreated soil, ASD treatments greatly reduced the pathogenic population of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp., and successfully controlled the damage of fusarium wilt with evidence of lower mortality (6%). ASD significantly increased soil nutrition promoted plant growth and increased strawberry yield, which was similar as the Pic, but better than Sol treatment. The analyzed fungal and bacterial microbiota did not show significant differences in the taxonomic richness and diversity between the compared treatments. Nevertheless, the abundance of some bacterial and fungal taxa tended to change between treated. The evidence showed that adding maltose and sealing TIF for ASD has the potential to replace Pic for pathogen control in commercial strawberry production.

Download Full-text

Composted Chicken Manure for Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation Increased the Strawberry Yield and Shifted the Soil Microbial Communities

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12166313 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (16) ◽

pp. 6313

Author(s):

Zhaoxin Song ◽

Sebastien Massart ◽

Dongdong Yan ◽

Hongyan Cheng ◽

Mathilde Eck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Sources ◽

Soil Microbial Communities ◽

Ammonium Nitrogen ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Soil Nutrition ◽

Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽

Oxidation Reduction

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD), as a bio-fumigation technology, has been developed to control soil-borne pests. There is increasing evidence showing that carbon sources and cover tarps play an important role in the ASD suppression of soil-borne pests, but little is known about the effect of composted chicken manure (CCM) and totally impermeable films (TIF) against soil-borne pests in the strawberry production system. In experiments, the colonies of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp., which are recognized to cause strawberry soil-borne diseases, decreased significantly after ASD. The soil promoted a significant increase in ammonium nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and organic matter, but a decrease in oxidation-reduction potential after ASD. Besides, the strawberry plant height, stem thickness and yield were significantly higher than in the non-amended soil. Compared to the untreated control, ASD, both at 6 and 12 ton/ha of CCM, significantly (p = 0.05) increased strawberry marketable yield and income. The economic benefit could be due to the suppression of soil-borne diseases and the improvement of soil nutrition. The soil bacterial and fungal diversity and richness increased after soil fumigation. The increased presence of biological control agents led to the suppression of soil-borne pathogens. In summary, ASD with CCM amendments could be applied in pre-plant fumigation to control strawberry soil-borne pests, strengthen soil fertility, improve crop yield and increase growers’ income.

Download Full-text

Effects of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Paraguay

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-12-18-0082-rs ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 50-60

Author(s):

Andres D. Sanabria-Velazquez ◽

Anna L. Testen ◽

Guillermo A. Enciso ◽

Laura C. Soilan ◽

Sally A. Miller

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Field Trials ◽

Plastic Mulch ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽

Reducing Conditions

The effects of anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia viability was tested in four field trials in Paraguay. Plots were amended with wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha), molasses (10.1 Mg/ha), or wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha) plus molasses (10.1 Mg/ha), saturated with water, and covered with black plastic mulch for 3 weeks. Control plots were not amended but were saturated and either covered (anaerobic control) or maintained uncovered (aerobic control). Tubes painted with iron oxide paint were placed in soils to assess soil reducing conditions. Sclerotia were buried 6 cm deep in treated and control soils along with temperature data loggers. After 3 weeks, the viability of sclerotia was significantly lower in all ASD-treated soils (4 to 52%) compared with the aerobic control soil (100%), regardless of the carbon source used. Sclerotial viability was also significantly reduced compared with anaerobic controls at three sites, depending on the carbon source used. A significant negative correlation between soil reducing conditions and sclerotia viability was observed at all sites. Wheat bran and molasses are widely available and inexpensive in Paraguay, and ASD with these carbon sources provides smallholder South American vegetable farmers with a new option for sustainable management of Sclerotinia and potentially other soilborne pathogens.

Download Full-text

Effects of anaerobic soil disinfestation carbon sources on soilborne diseases and weeds of okra and eggplant in Nepal

Crop Protection ◽

10.1016/j.cropro.2019.104846 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 135 ◽

pp. 104846 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ram B. Khadka ◽

Madan Marasini ◽

Ranjana Rawal ◽

Anna L. Testen ◽

Sally A. Miller

Keyword(s):

Carbon Sources ◽

Soilborne Diseases ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation

Download Full-text

Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation Reduces Viability of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor Sclerotia and Root-Knot Nematodes in Muck Soils

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-10-19-0386-r ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 110 (4) ◽

pp. 795-804

Author(s):

Andres D. Sanabria-Velazquez ◽

Anna L. Testen ◽

Ram B. Khadka ◽

Zhe Liu ◽

Fuqing Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Ethanol Solution ◽

Meloidogyne Hapla ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽

Muck Soil

Experiments were conducted to evaluate potential functional and mechanistic differences in the suppression of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor and root-knot nematodes in muck soils by anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) using different carbon source amendments. Volatile compounds produced during ASD in muck soil amended with molasses, wheat bran, or mustard greens at 20.2 Mg/ha or a 2% ethanol solution significantly reduced the mycelial growth and number of sclerotia produced by both Sclerotinia spp. compared with the anaerobic control. In amended soils, acetic and butyric acids were detected in concentrations that reduced the viability of sclerotia of both pathogens. Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide were observed in ASD-treated soils, regardless of the amendment, than in the nonamended anaerobic control. Only amendment with wheat bran did not increase the production of methane gas during ASD compared with the controls. Meloidogyne hapla survival was completely suppressed in soils treated with ASD regardless of carbon source. Field trials were conducted in Ohio muck soil to assess survival of sclerotia of both Sclerotinia spp. The viability of sclerotia of both Sclerotinia spp. was significantly reduced in soil subjected to ASD amended with wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha), molasses (10.1 Mg/ha), or wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha) plus molasses (10.1 Mg/ha) compared with the controls. A consistent negative correlation between soil reduction and viability of sclerotia of both pathogens was observed. Wheat bran and molasses are both widely available amendments that can be used as ASD carbon sources for the management of soilborne pathogens in muck soils.

Download Full-text

The Effects of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation on Weed and Nematode Control, Fruit Yield, and Quality of Florida Fresh-market Tomato

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.51.6.703 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 703-711 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Francesco Di Gioia ◽

Monica Ozores-Hampton ◽

Jason Hong ◽

Nancy Kokalis-Burelle ◽

Joseph Albano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Fruit Quality ◽

Crop Production ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Fresh Market ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽

Yield And Quality

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is considered a promising sustainable alternative to chemical soil fumigation (CSF), and has been shown to be effective against soilborne diseases, plant-parasitic nematodes, and weeds in several crop production systems. Nevertheless, limited information is available on the effects of ASD on crop yield and quality. Therefore, a field study was conducted on fresh-market tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in two different locations in Florida (Immokalee and Citra), to evaluate and compare the ASD and CSF performances on weed and nematodes control, and on fruit yield and quality. In Immokalee, Pic-Clor 60 (1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin) was used as the CSF, whereas in Citra, the CSF was Paldin™ [dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) + chloropicrin]. Anaerobic soil disinfestation treatments were applied using a mix of composted poultry litter (CPL) at the rate of 22 Mg·ha−1, and two rates of molasses [13.9 (ASD1) and 27.7 m3·ha−1 (ASD2)] as a carbon (C) source. In both locations, soil subjected to ASD reached highly anaerobic conditions, and cumulative soil anaerobiosis was 167% and 116% higher in ASD2 plots than in ASD1 plots, in Immokalee and Citra, respectively. In Immokalee, the CSF provided the most significant weed control, but ASD treatments also suppressed weeds enough to prevent an impact on yield. In Citra, all treatments, including the CSF, provided poor weed control relative to the Immokalee site. In both locations, the application of ASD provided a level of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne sp.) control equivalent to, or more effective than the CSF. In Immokalee, ASD2 and ASD1 plots provided 26.7% and 19.7% higher total marketable yield as compared with CSF plots, respectively. However, in Citra, total marketable yield was unaffected by soil treatments. Tomato fruit quality parameters were not influenced by soil treatments, except for fruit firmness in Immokalee, which was significantly higher in fruits from ASD treatments than in those from CSF soil. Fruit mineral content was similar or higher in ASD plots as compared with CSF. In fresh-market tomato, ASD applied using a mixture of CPL and molasses may be a sustainable alternative to CSF for maintaining or even improving marketable yield and fruit quality.

Download Full-text

Soil Disinfestation Efficacy against Soil Fungal Pathogens in Strawberry Crops in Spain: An Overview

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11030526 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 526

Author(s):

Berta de los Santos ◽

Juan Jesús Medina ◽

Luis Miranda ◽

José Antonio Gómez ◽

Miguel Talavera

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Dimethyl Disulfide ◽

Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽

Field Trials ◽

Soil Fumigation ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Efficient Treatment ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Soil Pathogen

(1) Background: Strawberry cultivation is highly dependent on soil disinfestation for proper development. Since the definitive methyl bromide phase-out, other chemicals have been used as alternatives. This research provides an overview on the efficacies of soil disinfestation methods on controlling soil fungal diseases of strawberry. (2) Methods: The efficacy of several soil disinfestation methods on soil fungal pathogens (SFP: Fusarium spp. and Macrophominaphaseolina) was analyzed in experimental field trials during eleven growing seasons. (3) Results: Average efficiencies in reducing soil pathogen inocula for soil disinfestation techniques are given. Soil disinfestations with chloropicrin, allyl isothiocyanate, dazomet, 1,3-dichloropropene:chloropicrin, methyl iodide:chloropicrin, and dimethyl disulfide reduced Fusarium spp. and M. phaseolina soil inocula by more than 90%. Combination of solarization with organic manures (biosolarization) reduced Fusarium spp. soil populations by 80% and M. phaseolina by 79%. Reductions in plant mortality and increases in fruit yields over the untreated controls did not differ between chemically fumigated and biosolarized plots. (4) Conclusions: Soil fungal pathogens are effectively controlled by chemical fumigation of soils in intensive strawberry crops in Spain. In the case of mixed infestations of SFP with nematodes, the most efficient treatment in suppressing soil-borne diseases was soil fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene:chloropicrin, but other alternative chemicals, such as allyl isothiocyanate, dazomet, and dimethyl disulfide, provided high efficacies in reducing the SFP inocula. Soil biosolarization is proposed as an effective alternative to chemical soil fumigation for strawberry cultivation in Southern Spain when SFP inocula is not remarkably high.

Download Full-text

Synergy of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation and Trichoderma spp. in Rhizoctonia Root Rot Suppression

Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems ◽

10.3389/fsufs.2021.645736 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Author(s):

Ram B. Khadka ◽

Sally A. Miller

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Root Rot ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Treated Soil ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽

Rhizoctonia Root Rot

Potential synergy between anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) and Trichoderma spp. in suppression of Rhizoctonia root rot in radish was evaluated. A split-plot design with three replications was used; main plots were Trichoderma harzianum T22, Trichoderma asperellum NT25 and a non-Trichoderma control. Subplots were ASD carbon sources wheat bran, molasses, chicken manure, and mustard greens and two non-amended controls: anaerobic (covered and flooded) and aerobic (not covered or flooded). Carbon sources and Rhizoctonia solani inoculant were mixed with soil, placed in pots, and flooded, followed by drenching Trichoderma spore suspensions and sealing the pots in zip-lock bags. After 3 weeks, bags were removed, soil was aired for 1 week and radish “SSR-RR-27” was seeded. Rhizoctonia root rot severity and incidence were lowest in radish plants grown in ASD-treated soil amended with wheat bran, molasses, or mustard greens across all Trichoderma treatments. Disease severity was lower in radish plants treated with NT25 than with T22 or the non-Trichoderma control across all ASD treatments, and in radish grown in ASD-treated soil amended with wheat bran plus NT25 compared to ASD-wheat bran or NT25 alone. Rhizoctonia solani populations were significantly reduced by ASD treatment regardless of carbon source, while Trichoderma populations were not affected by ASD treatment with the exception of ASD-mustard greens. The interactions of either Trichoderma isolate and ASD with most carbon sources were additive, while T22 with ASD-molasses and NT25 with ASD–wheat bran interactions were synergistic in reducing disease severity. One interaction, T22 with ASD-chicken manure was antagonistic. Enhancement of ASD efficacy in suppressing soilborne diseases such as Rhizoctonia root rot by additional soil amendment with Trichoderma spp. during the process appears to be dependent on both Trichoderma isolate and ASD carbon source.

Download Full-text

Implementation of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation in Florida Tomato Production

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-hs1345-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (6) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Bodh R. Paudel ◽

Francesco Di Gioia ◽

Qiang Zhu ◽

Xin Zhao ◽

Monica Ozores-Hampton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pest Management ◽

Crop Production ◽

New Technique ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽

Promising Tool ◽

Production Improvement

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a relatively new technique that appears to be a promising tool for soilborne pest management and crop production improvement. This new 5-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department is intended to introduce ASD for Florida vegetable growers. Written by Bodh R. Paudel, Francesco Di Gioia, Qiang Zhu, Xin Zhao, Monica Ozores-Hampton, Marilyn E. Swisher, Kaylene Sattanno, Jason C. Hong, and Erin N. Rosskopf. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1345

Download Full-text

Genetic Soil Disinfestation, A Conceptual Framework to Reduce Inoculum Potential of Soilborne Plant Pathogens

Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture Research ◽

10.33140/jahr.02.02.04 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Plant Pathogens ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Food Crops ◽

Inoculum Potential ◽

Soilborne Pathogens ◽

Genetic Approach ◽

Chemical Methods ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽

Soilborne Plant Pathogens

Soilborne pathogens are major constraints to the production of many food and non-food crops worldwide. A wide array of strategies are employed to reduce the activities of soilborne pathogens including chemical and non-chemical methods such as solarization, fumigation, anaerobic soil disinfestation, and soil chemical treatment. This article succinctly describes these methods and proposes the concept of “genetic soil disinfestation” as an additional innovative approach for managing soilborne pathogens. Although many components of “genetic soil disinfestation” include well known and familiar tools such as crop rotation, the concept of “genetic soil disinfestation” redefines cropping systems in a unified perspective with focus on using a genetic approach to optimize the attributes of hosts and nonhosts that significantly reduce the populations of soilborne plant pathogens and the efficiency of invasiness of these pathogens.

Download Full-text

Economic Analysis of Grafting and Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation for Tomato Production in South Carolina

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech04858-21 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Tanner Donahoo ◽

Lisha Zhang ◽

Matthew Cutulle ◽

Abolfazl Hajihassani

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Field Trials ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Treatment Combination ◽

Plastic Mulch ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽

Net Returns

Increasing regulations and restrictions regarding on-farm chemical use and growing consumer demands for organic food products warrant the development of efficient biological methods for plant disease control and pest management. Grafting and anaerobic soil disinfestation are two sustainable crop production techniques developed to control and regulate weeds, root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita), and soilborne pathogens. Therefore, the present study explores the economic impact of using grafting and anaerobic soil disinfestation, independently and in conjunction, to determine the best combination in terms of yield and net returns for producers. This study drew from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) field trials conducted in 2020 on a 0.5-acre plot at the Clemson Coastal Research and Education Center in Charleston, SC, where five grafting and three anaerobic soil disinfestation treatments were used in combinations for comparisons. Each treatment combination was subjected to sealed (plastic mulch covering a plot punctured 5 weeks after applying anaerobic soil disinfestation treatment) and unsealed (plastic mulch covering a plot punctured immediately after the application of anaerobic soil disinfestation treatment) plot conditions during the anaerobic soil disinfestation phase of plant bed preparation. Treatment combinations with cottonseed meal carbon-sourced anaerobic soil disinfestation were unviable because of lower net returns compared with treatment combinations without anaerobic soil disinfestation in nearly every case. Grafting (‘Roadster’ self-grafted) combined with molasses and chicken manure carbon-sourced anaerobic soil disinfestation under unsealed plot conditions was the most optimal treatment combination in the field trials with the greatest gains (net return per acre) to producers. The positive synergistic effects of combining these methods suggest that grafting and anaerobic soil disinfestation yield better results in conjunction than separately.

Download Full-text