scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Derivative Lines of the Onion Yellows Phytoplasma that Do Not Cause Stunting or Phloem Hyperplasia

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 1024-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenro Oshima ◽  
Toshiki Shiomi ◽  
Tsutomu Kuboyama ◽  
Toshimi Sawayanagi ◽  
Hisashi Nishigawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Chrysanthemum Coronarium ◽  
Chain Analysis ◽  
Phloem Necrosis ◽  
Original Line

Two lines of onion yellows phytoplasma producing milder symptoms were isolated from the original line (OY-W). One has an additional characteristic, non-insect-transmissibility (OY-NIM), compared with the other (OY-M). OY-M was established after maintaining OY-W for 11 years on a plant host (Chrysanthemum coronarium) with an insect vector (Macrosteles striifrons), and OY-NIM was isolated after subsequent maintenance of OY-M in plants by periodic grafting. Polymerase chain analysis suggested that OY-NIM cannot traverse the gut or survive in the hemolymph of the leafhopper. OY-W results in witches'-broom formation and stunted growth in the host plant. In contrast, OY-M and OY-NIM do not cause stunting in the host plant, although they result in witches'-broom. Histopathological analysis of these lines revealed that the hyperplastic phloem tissue and severe phloem necrosis seen in OY-W did not exist in OY-M and OY-NIM. This was attributed to a reduction in the population of phytoplasma in tissues in both OY-M- and OY-NIM-infected plants. The results suggest that the cause of stunting and phloem hyperplasia may be genetically different from the cause of witches'-broom. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis showed that OY-M had a smaller genome size (≈870 kbp) than OY-W (≈1,000 kbp). Thus, some of the OY-W genes responsible for pathogenicity may not be present in OY-M.

Competitive Interactions Between Whitefly and Aphid Transmitted Poleroviruses within the Plant Host and the Insect Vectors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius Henrique Bello ◽  
Saptarshi Ghosh ◽  
Renate Krause-Sakate ◽  
Murad Ghanim
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Pepper Vein Yellows Virus

Pepper cultivation in Israel has recently been constrained by two sympatric poleroviruses, Pepper vein yellows virus-2 (PeVYV-2) and Pepper whitefly-borne vein yellows virus (PeWBVYV) which are transmitted specifically by aphids and whiteflies, respectively. The interaction between PeVYV-2 and PeWBVYV inside the host plant and the insect vectors were investigated in this study. Our results show that PeVYV-2 and PeWBVYV compete against each other inside the host plant and also inside aphids. PeWBVYV was the weaker competitor inside the host plant with diminished transmission rates when inoculated simultaneously or successively after PeVYV-2 and could only be transmitted efficiently when inoculated first and then challenged by PeVYV-2. Successive inoculations of plants with viruliferous whiteflies with PeWBVYV, followed by viruliferous aphids with PeVYV-2 led to co-infection rate of 60%, however with severely reduced titers of PeWBVYV in the co-infected plants compared to singly infected ones. In contrast, PeVYV-2 was the weaker competitor inside the insect vector with reduced quantities of the acquired virus and reduced transmission rate by aphids when given prior acquisition on PeWBVYV. However, we also show that transmission efficiency of PeVYV-2 and PeWBVYV from co-infected plants by whiteflies and aphids remain comparable to that from singly-infected plants. This is probably due to the reduced titers of PeWBVYV inside co-infected plants causing lesser impact on transmission of PeVYV-2 by aphids and the stronger competitiveness of PeWBVYV inside whitefly. Competitive interactions between PeVYV-2 and PeWBVYV inside the host plant and insect vector can thus be beneficial for their co-existence.

scholarly journals The Bacterium Pantoea stewartii Uses Two Different Type III Secretion Systems To Colonize Its Plant Host and Insect Vector

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (17) ◽  
pp. 6327-6336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valdir R. Correa ◽  
Doris R. Majerczak ◽  
El-Desouky Ammar ◽  
Massimo Merighi ◽  
Richard C. Pratt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Secretion Systems ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Pantoea Stewartii ◽  
Type Iii Secretion Systems ◽  
Animal Pathogens

ABSTRACTPlant- and animal-pathogenic bacteria utilize phylogenetically distinct type III secretion systems (T3SS) that produce needle-like injectisomes or pili for the delivery of effector proteins into host cells.Pantoea stewartiisubsp.stewartii(herein referred to asP. stewartii), the causative agent of Stewart's bacterial wilt and leaf blight of maize, carries phylogenetically distinct T3SSs. In addition to an Hrc-Hrp T3SS, known to be essential for maize pathogenesis,P. stewartiihas a second T3SS (Pantoeasecretion island 2 [PSI-2]) that is required for persistence in its flea beetle vector,Chaetocnema pulicaria(Melsh). PSI-2 belongs to the Inv-Mxi-Spa T3SS family, typically found in animal pathogens. Mutagenesis of the PSI-2psaNgene, which encodes an ATPase essential for secretion of T3SS effectors by the injectisome, greatly reduces both the persistence ofP. stewartiiin flea beetle guts and the beetle's ability to transmitP. stewartiito maize. Ectopic expression of thepsaNgene complements these phenotypes. In addition, the PSI-2psaNgene is not required forP. stewartiipathogenesis of maize and is transcriptionally upregulated in insects compared to maize tissues. Thus, the Hrp and PSI-2 T3SSs play different roles in the life cycle ofP. stewartiias it alternates between its insect vector and plant host.

First field isolation of wound tumor virus from a plant host: Minimal sequence divergence from the type strain isolated from an insect vector

Virology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 185 (2) ◽  
pp. 896-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley I. Hillman ◽  
John V. Anzola ◽  
Barbara T. Halpern ◽  
Timothy D. Cavileer ◽  
Donald L. Nuss
Keyword(s):  
Type Strain ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Tumor Virus ◽  
Minimal Sequence

scholarly journals Oregon Bee Atlas: native bee findings from 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lincoln Best ◽  
Christopher J Marshall ◽  
Cody Feuerborn ◽  
Sarah Kincaid ◽  
Andony Melathopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
State Level ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Species Of Conservation Concern ◽  
Native Bee ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
Occurrence Records

The Oregon Bee Atlas is a new volunteer-led effort to characterize the bee fauna of Oregon State by collecting, preparing, and databasing native bee species and capturing plant host records. In 2018, volunteers collected 11,044 bee specimens across 33 Oregon counties, representing 179 unique bee species, and 32 unique bee genera. Specimens were collected from a total of 310 unique flowering plant genera, resulting in one of the largest state-level databases of bee-host plant interactions. Volunteers produced valuable occurrence records for species poorly known for the State, and species of conservation concern. The 2018 efforts constitute a proof-of-concept of a specimen-focused volunteer native bee survey.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Potassium-Solubilizing Bacteria from Two Different Rhizospheres and a Cow Manure in IPB University

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Dori Kusuma Jaya ◽  
Sari Yulia Kartika Hasibuan ◽  
Deseriana Bria
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Leave ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria ◽  
Continuous Use

Applying PGPB (Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria) as bioinoculant under the excessive and continuous use of chemical fertilizer, pesticide, and herbicide need to be highlighted nowadays. One of the most beneficial PGPB is potassium-solubilizing rhizobacteria. Potassium is one of the elements that plant absorbs in a large amounts along with nitrogen. Soil in various regions of Indonesia have low potassium solubility. Therefore, finding the best novel isolates contributing to potassium solubilization need to be carried out continually. The aim of this study is to find potassium-solubilizing bacteria from two different rhizospheres (banana and chili plant) in Leuwikopo Experimental Garden and a cow manure in Cattle Pen, IPB University. To obtain the potassium-solubilizing isolates, we observed and characterized the best growing isolates and measured the solubilizing zone on Alexandrov agar medium. Three out of 10 isolates were selected and tested their pathogenicity on tobacco leave. Solubilization index of three isolates from the highest to the lowest were MPK P (3.07), MPK KT (3.03), and MPK C (2.63), respectively. Necrotic on tobacco leave after isolates treatment showed negative result which means that the three isolates were not pathogenic to plant host. The isolates are recommended to be used as bioinoculant both in greenhouse and field plants which lack of potassium availability in soil.

scholarly journals The I Gene of Bean: A Dosage-Dependent Allele Conferring Extreme Resistance, Hypersensitive Resistance, or Spreading Vascular Necrosis in Response to the Potyvirus Bean common mosaic virus

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1266-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace Whitmer Collmer ◽  
Marcia Fisher Marston ◽  
Jessica C. Taylor ◽  
Molly Jahn
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Bean Common Mosaic Virus ◽  
Extreme Resistance ◽  
Hypersensitive Resistance ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Allele Dosage ◽  
Phloem Necrosis ◽  
I Gene

The resistance to the potyvirus Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) conferred by the I allele in cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris has been characterized as dominant, and it has been associated with both immunity and a systemic vascular necrosis in infected bean plants under field, as well as controlled, conditions. In our attempts to understand more fully the nature of the interaction between bean with the I resistance allele and the pathogen BCMV, we carefully varied both I allele dosage and temperature and observed the resulting, varying resistance responses. We report here that the I allele in the bean cultivars we studied is not dominant, but rather incompletely dominant, and that the system can be manipulated to show in plants a continuum of response to BCMV that ranges from immunity or extreme resistance, to hypersensitive resistance, to systemic phloem necrosis (and subsequent plant death). We propose that the particular phenotypic outcome in bean results from a quantitative interaction between viral pathogen and plant host that can be altered to favor one or the other by manipulating I allele dosage, temperature, viral pathogen, or plant cultivar.

scholarly journals Decreasing Global Transcript Levels over Time Suggest that Phytoplasma Cells Enter Stationary Phase during Plant and Insect Colonization

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 2591-2602 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pacifico ◽  
L. Galetto ◽  
M. Rashidi ◽  
S. Abbà ◽  
S. Palmano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Macrosteles Quadripunctulatus

ABSTRACTTo highlight different transcriptional behaviors of the phytoplasma in the plant and animal host, expression of 14 genes of “CandidatusPhytoplasma asteris,” chrysanthemum yellows strain, was investigated at different times following the infection of a plant host (Arabidopsis thaliana) and two insect vector species (Macrosteles quadripunctulatusandEuscelidius variegatus). Target genes were selected among those encoding antigenic membrane proteins, membrane transporters, secreted proteins, and general enzymes. Transcripts were detected for all analyzed genes in the three hosts; in particular, those encoding the antigenic membrane protein Amp, elements of the mechanosensitive channel, and two of the four secreted proteins (SAP54 and TENGU) were highly accumulated, suggesting that they play important roles in phytoplasma physiology during the infection cycle. Most transcripts were present at higher abundance in the plant host than in the insect hosts. Generally, transcript levels of the selected genes decreased significantly during infection ofA. thalianaandM. quadripunctulatusbut were more constant inE. variegatus. Such decreases may be explained by the fact that only a fraction of the phytoplasma population was transcribing, while the remaining part was aging to a stationary phase. This strategy might improve long-term survival, thereby increasing the likelihood that the pathogen may be acquired by a vector and/or inoculated to a healthy plant.

scholarly journals LOCAL ADAPTATION, RESISTANCE, AND VIRULENCE IN A HEMIPARASITIC PLANT-HOST PLANT INTERACTION

Evolution ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Mutikainen ◽  
Veikko Salonen ◽  
Susanna Puustinen ◽  
Tanja Koskela
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Plant Interaction

scholarly journals Widespread targeting of development-related host transcription factors by phytoplasma effectors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Correa Marrero ◽  
Sylvain Capdevielle ◽  
Weijie Huang ◽  
Marco Busscher ◽  
Jacqueline Busscher-Lange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Protein Interaction ◽  
Protein Interaction Network ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Phytoplasma Infection

1AbstractPhytoplasmas are pathogenic bacteria that reprogram plant host development in order to attract their insect vectors to disseminate. Previous studies have characterized a few different phytoplasma effector proteins that supress specific transcription factors. However, these are only a small fraction of the potential effectors used by phytoplasmas, meaning that the molecular mechanisms through which phytoplasmas manipulate their hosts are largely uncharacterized. To obtain further insights into the phytoplasma infection mechanisms, we generated a protein-protein interaction network between a broad set of phytoplasma effectors and a large collection of Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors and transcriptional regulators. We found widespread, but unique, interactions with host transcription factors by phytoplasma effectors, especially those related to developmental processes. In particular, many unrelated effectors target TCP transcription factors, which play roles in plant development and immunity. Comparison with other host-pathogen protein interaction networks shows that phytoplasma effectors have unusual targets, and indicates that phytoplasmas have evolved a unique and unusual infection strategy. This study provides a rich and solid data source that can be used to predict functional effects of individual effectors and as a guide for detailed studies of individual effectors in the future, as well as insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of phytoplasma infection.2Significance statementThis work shows that the effectors of phytoplasma, a bacterial plant pathogen, show pervasive interactions with development-related host transcription factors, providing a way to take over plant growth and development in favor of the pathogen and its insect vector. The obtained comprehensive protein interaction network and showcase of the potential biological consequences of a selected effector advance our understanding of phytoplasma-host interactions and provide guidance for further study.

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