The I Gene of Bean: A Dosage-Dependent Allele Conferring Extreme Resistance, Hypersensitive Resistance, or Spreading Vascular Necrosis in Response to the Potyvirus Bean common mosaic virus

The resistance to the potyvirus Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) conferred by the I allele in cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris has been characterized as dominant, and it has been associated with both immunity and a systemic vascular necrosis in infected bean plants under field, as well as controlled, conditions. In our attempts to understand more fully the nature of the interaction between bean with the I resistance allele and the pathogen BCMV, we carefully varied both I allele dosage and temperature and observed the resulting, varying resistance responses. We report here that the I allele in the bean cultivars we studied is not dominant, but rather incompletely dominant, and that the system can be manipulated to show in plants a continuum of response to BCMV that ranges from immunity or extreme resistance, to hypersensitive resistance, to systemic phloem necrosis (and subsequent plant death). We propose that the particular phenotypic outcome in bean results from a quantitative interaction between viral pathogen and plant host that can be altered to favor one or the other by manipulating I allele dosage, temperature, viral pathogen, or plant cultivar.

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Distribution and localization of bean common mosaic virus and bean black root virus in stems of doubly infected bean plants

Archives of Virology ◽

10.1007/bf01310041 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 138 (1-2) ◽

pp. 95-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. A. Khan ◽

H. Lohuis ◽

R. W. Goldbach ◽

J. Dijkstra

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Bean Common Mosaic Virus ◽

Bean Plants

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Linkage of dominant hypersensitive resistance to bean common mosaic virus to seed color in Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Euphytica ◽

10.1007/bf00028571 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 331-333 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Steven R. Temple ◽

Francisco J. Morales

Keyword(s):

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Bean Common Mosaic Virus ◽

Seed Color ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽

Hypersensitive Resistance

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NL-3 K Strain Is a Stable and Naturally Occurring Interspecific Recombinant Derived from Bean common mosaic necrosis virus and Bean common mosaic virus

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-95-1037 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 95 (9) ◽

pp. 1037-1042 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Richard C. Larsen ◽

Phillip N. Miklas ◽

Keri L. Druffel ◽

Stephen D. Wyatt

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Molecular Size ◽

Bean Common Mosaic Virus ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Necrosis Virus ◽

Bean Plants ◽

Recombination Point ◽

Russian Strain ◽

Polymerase Chain

A strain of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) from Idaho was identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies and determined to be similar to the NL-3 D strain (of Drifjhout) by reaction of differential bean cultivars. However, this BCMNV strain (designated NL-3 K) caused earlier and more severe symptoms on bean plants representing host groups 0, 4, and 5. The nucleotide sequence encoding the predicted polyprotein of NL-3 K was 9,893 nucleotides (nt) in length, yielding a peptide with a molecular size of 362.1 kDa compared with a 9,626-nt, 350.9-kDa polyprotein for NL-3 D. Sequence analysis of the putative P1 protein suggests that the NL-3 K strain is a recombinant between NL-3 D and the Russian strain (RU1) of Bean common mosaic virus. The P1 protein of NL-3 K consisted of 415 amino acids compared with 317 for NL-3 D. The first 114 predicted amino acids of the NL-3 K P1 region were 98% identical with RU1. The remaining 301 amino acids of the protein shared only 34% identity with RU1 but were 98% identical with NL-3 D. Primers were designed that flanked the recombination point in the P1 coding sequence of NL-3 K. An amplicon of the expected size was produced by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of total nucleic acid extracts of bean plants inoculated with NL-3 K, but not from those with NL-3 D or RU1. The increased symptom severity on selected common bean lines induced by NL-3 K suggests that the P1 gene may play a significant role in pathogenicity and virulence.

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A Recombinant of Bean common mosaic virus Induces Temperature-Insensitive Necrosis in an I Gene-Bearing Line of Common Bean

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-02-14-0048-r ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 1251-1257 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Xue Feng ◽

Alan R. Poplawsky ◽

Alexander V. Karasev

Keyword(s):

Common Bean ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Dominant Gene ◽

Recessive Gene ◽

Unknown Origin ◽

Bean Common Mosaic Virus ◽

Temperature Sensitive ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Almost All ◽

I Gene

The I gene is a single, dominant gene conferring temperature-sensitive resistance to all known strains of Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). However, the closely related Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) induces whole plant necrosis in I-bearing genotypes of common bean, and the presence of additional, recessive genes is required to prevent this severe whole plant necrotic reaction caused by BCMNV. Almost all known BCMNV isolates have so far been classified as having pathotype VI based on their interactions with the five BCMV resistance genes, and all have a distinct serotype A. Here, we describe a new isolate of BCMV, RU1M, capable of inducing whole plant necrosis in the presence of the I gene, that appears to belong to pathotype VII and exhibits B-serotype. Unlike other isolates of BCMV, RU1M was able to induce severe whole plant necrosis below 30°C in bean cultivar Jubila that carries the I gene and a protective recessive gene bc-1. The whole genome of RU1M was cloned and sequenced and determined to be 9,953 nucleotides long excluding poly(A), coding for a single polyprotein of 3,186 amino acids. Most of the genome was found almost identical (>98%) to the BCMV isolate RU1-OR (also pathotype VII) that did not induce necrotic symptoms in ‘Jubila’. Inspection of the nucleotide sequences for BCMV isolates RU1-OR, RU1M, and US10 (all pathotype VII) and three closely related sequences of BCMV isolates RU1P, RU1D, and RU1W (all pathotype VI) revealed that RU1M is a product of recombination between RU1-OR and a yet unknown potyvirus. A 0.8-kb fragment of an unknown origin in the RU1M genome may have led to its ability to induce necrosis regardless of temperature in beans carrying the I gene. This is the first report of a BCMV isolate inducing temperature-insensitive necrosis in an I gene containing bean genotype.

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Phenotypic and molecular screening of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding lines for resistance to bean common mosaic virus and bean common mosaic necrosis virus

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus ◽

10.24326/asphc.2021.6.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 7-18

Author(s):

İlyas Deligoz ◽

Miray Arlı-Sökmen ◽

Mucella Tekeoglu

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Bean Common Mosaic Virus ◽

Virus Species ◽

Necrosis Virus ◽

Dry Bean ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Bean Plants ◽

Resistant Lines ◽

Recessive Genes

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) are among the most economically important virus species infecting common bean. The use of resistant plant cultivars is the most effective way to control these viruses. National dry bean breeding studies have been conducted by seven different governmental agricultural research institutes in Turkey, and advanced breeding lines have been developed by using the selected local dry bean populations and crossing studies. In this study, 204 breeding lines were tested for resistance levels to BCMV and BCMNV. Initially, BCMNV NL-3 and BCMV NL-4 strains were individually sap-inoculated onto the leaves of bean plants belonging to each breeding lines with 10 replications, and the reactions of plants were evaluated for symptomatic appearance of virus infection 21 days after inoculation. Additionally, phenotypic evaluation was confirmed by molecular markers linked to resistance genes. As a result of the study, 153 breeding lines were found to involve the dominant I gene whereas four and five of the tested lines had the recessive genes bc-1² and bc-2², respectively. In conclusion, it was emphasized that these breeding lines could be registered after evaluating them in terms of yield and quality. Also, the use of seeds of the resistant lines to supply the source of virus-resistance in breeding studies and maintaining their seeds at the national genebank were recommended.

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Systemic Hypersensitive Resistance to Turnip mosaic virus in Brassica juncea is Associated With Multiple Defense Responses, Especially Phloem Necrosis and Xylem Occlusion

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-12-15-1459-re ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 100 (7) ◽

pp. 1261-1270 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Eviness P. Nyalugwe ◽

Martin J. Barbetti ◽

Peta L. Clode ◽

Roger A. C. Jones

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Brassica Juncea ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Turnip Mosaic Virus ◽

Hypersensitive Resistance ◽

Phloem Necrosis ◽

Hydrogen Peroxide Accumulation

Systemic hypersensitive resistance (SHR) caused by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) was studied by light microscopy and histochemical analysis in stem cross sections of Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) plants. Ten TuMV isolates were inoculated to leaves of susceptible line JM 06006, cv. Oasis CI, which carries TuMV systemic hypersensitivity gene TuRBJU 01, and F3 progeny plants obtained from a cross between them. Systemic mosaic (SM) symptoms were induced by all 10 isolates in plants of JM 06006, and by resistance-breaking isolate NSW-3 in all cv. Oasis CI and F3 plants. With the other nine isolates, cv. Oasis CI plants developed SHR while F3 progeny plants segregated for both phenotypes; mock-inoculated control plants never became infected. Presence of SHR did not delay systemic invasion as this commenced within 2 hours after inoculation (hai) and was almost complete by 72 hai regardless of whether plants subsequently developed SHR or SM. When stem cross sections sampled 9 to 12 days after inoculation were examined for the plant defense responses, phloem necrosis, hydrogen peroxide accumulation, and additional lignin deposition, sections from plants with SHR demonstrated all of these characteristics, but sections from plants with SM or mock-inoculation did not. Based on consolidated data from all isolates except NSW-3, stems developing SHR had significantly more occluded xylem vessels (P < 0.001) compared with stems from plants developing SM or mock-inoculated plants. Both light microscopy and histochemical tests with phloroglucinol-HCl and toluidine blue O indicated that the xylem occlusions could be gels. Thus, phloem necrosis, xylem occlusion, lignification, and hydrogen peroxide accumulation were all associated with the SHR in B. juncea plants carrying TuMV hypersensitivity gene TuRBJU 01. In addition, virus inclusion bodies were fewer in sections from plants with SHR. Phloem necrosis was apparently acting as the primary cause of SHR and xylem occlusion as an important secondary cause.

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First Report of Bean common mosaic virus Infecting Azuki Bean (Vigna angularis) in China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-01-14-0064-pdn ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (7) ◽

pp. 1017-1017 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Y. Q. Li ◽

Z. P. Liu ◽

K. Yang ◽

Y. S. Li ◽

B. Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Bean Common Mosaic Virus ◽

Grain Legumes ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Azuki Bean ◽

Vigna Angularis ◽

Degenerate Primers ◽

Viral Pathogen ◽

First Report

Azuki bean (Vigna angularis Ohwi & Ohashi) is one of the traditional grain legumes in China. From 2010 to 2013, mosaic and crumpling symptoms on leaves and stunting, all typical symptoms of a viral disease, were observed on cultivars CWA030, CWA221, and JCA002 of azuki bean with incidence rates of 30 to 100% and yield losses of 50 to 95% in the three fields of Changping district, Beijing. To identify the possible viral pathogen(s), 21 symptomatic leaf samples from different cultivars were collected and total RNA was extracted from the samples and subjected to RT-PCR testing with degenerate primers targeting portions of the coding regions of Cucumovirus capsid protein (CP) (1) and Potyvirus NIb (2); these viruses had been reported in azuki bean. Fragments of 940 bp and 350 bp corresponding to Cucumovirus CP and Potyvirus NIb, respectively, were amplified from all the samples collected. Sequencing of the PCR products from nine samples, followed by BLAST analysis, confirmed the presence of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). All the samples tested were also positive with direct antigen coating (DAC)-ELISA using specific antiserum to CMV or BCMV (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). The CMV CP gene (GenBank Accession No. KJ467817) shared 99% sequence identity with a China CMV isolate (DQ873558). To further characterize the BCMV strain found, fragments of 3,388 bp spanning BCMV NIa, NIb, CP and 3′UTR regions were amplified with another primer set, BCMV-F (5′-AGCAAGTCAATTTACAAGGGACTTC-3′) and BCMV-R (5′-GGAACAACAAACATTGCCGTAGCTAC-3′) from three samples, and three independent clones from each sample were sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that this segment (KJ467816) shared 98% identity with the BCMV azuki bean strain (U60100). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of BCMV, together with CMV, naturally infecting azuki bean in China. Further attention should be paid to this emerging viral disease and measures should be taken to control the spread of BCMV. References: (1) S. K. Choi et al. J. Virol. Methods 83:1345, 1999. (2) L. Zheng et al. Plant Pathol. 59:1345, 2010.

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The Requirement of Multiple Defense Genes in Soybean Rsv1–Mediated Extreme Resistance to Soybean mosaic virus

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-02-12-0046-r ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 25 (10) ◽

pp. 1307-1313 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Chunquan Zhang ◽

Sehiza Grosic ◽

Steven A. Whitham ◽

John H. Hill

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factors ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Target Genes ◽

Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽

Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽

Wrky Transcription Factors ◽

Extreme Resistance ◽

Viral Pathogen ◽

Insight Into

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a major viral pathogen of soybean. Among the three SMV resistance genes, Rsv1 mediates extreme resistance (ER) against most SMV strains, including the β-glucuronidase-tagged G2 isolate that was previously used in studies of Rsv1. Using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), we screened 82 VIGS constructs to identify genes that play a role in Rsv1-mediated ER to SMV infection. The target genes included putative Rsv1 candidate genes, soybean orthologs to known defense-signaling genes, and 62 WRKY transcription factors. We identified eight VIGS constructs that compromised Rsv1-mediated resistance when the target genes were silenced, including GmEDR1, GmEDS1, GmHSP90, GmJAR1, GmPAD4, and two WRKY transcription factors. Together, our results provide new insight into the soybean signaling network required for ER against SMV.

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Nature, Incidence, and Symptomatology of Viruses Infecting Vanilla tahitensis in French Polynesia

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.2.119 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 119-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

M. Grisoni ◽

F. Davidson ◽

C. Hyrondelle ◽

K. Farreyrol ◽

M. L. Caruana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

French Polynesia ◽

Bean Common Mosaic Virus ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Watermelon Mosaic Virus ◽

Cymbidium Mosaic Virus ◽

Virus Identification ◽

Society Islands ◽

Leeward Islands

A survey was carried out to identify the viruses infecting vanilla in French Polynesia and to assess their incidence. Virus identification was based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and, for potyviruses, on the sequence of part of the coat protein and inoculation assays. Between 1998 and 1999, 3,610 vanilla plants from 49 plots in the Society Islands were indexed. Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) was detected in 500 vines from 10 plots in the Leeward Islands. The data suggest that this virus has spread widely since its first detection in French Polynesia in 1986, most likely through the dissemination of symptomless infected cuttings. Viruses belonging to the Potyvirus genus were found in 674 plants from 27 plots in the four islands surveyed. Three distinct potyviruses have been identified: (i) Vanilla mosaic virus, (ii) Watermelon mosaic virus, and (iii) and a virus related to Bean common mosaic virus. The symptoms induced on Vanilla tahitensis by the three potyviruses can be differentiated from each other and from those due to CymMV. A significant proportion of the plants surveyed (97/476) were symptomatic but tested negative by ELISA for CymMV and the Potyvirus group. Odontoglossum ringspot virus was not detected in any sample tested.

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