scholarly journals Ammonia and Nitrous Acid from Nitrogenous Amendments Kill the Microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Tenuta ◽  
George Lazarovits
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Nitrous Acid ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Soilborne Plant Pathogen ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Loam Soil

This study examined the mechanisms by which nitrogenous amendments such as meat and bone meal kill the soilborne plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. The effect of nitrogen products from the amendments on the survival of microsclerotia of V. dahliae was examined by solution bioassay and soil microcosm experiments. Ammonia and nitrous acid but not their ionized counterparts, ammonium and nitrite, were toxic to microsclerotia in bioassays. In microcosms, addition of meat and bone meal (2.5%) to an acidic loamy sand resulted in the accumulation of ammonia and death of microsclerotia within 2 weeks. At lower concentrations (0.5 and 1%), microsclerotia were killed after 2 weeks when nitrous acid accumulated (>0.03 mM). In an alkaline loam soil, microsclerotia survived at 3% meat and bone meal and neither ammonia nor nitrous acid accumulated. The toxicity of ammonia to the pathogen was verified by increasing the concentration of meat and bone meal to 4% or addition of urea (1,600 mg of N per kg) to the loam soil resulting in the accumulation of ammonia (>35 mM) and death of microsclerotia. The toxicity of nitrous acid was verified by adding ammonium sulfate fertilizer to an acidic sand soil. Inhibiting nitrification with dicyandiamide revealed that nitrous acid was generated as a result of the accumulation of nitrite and an acidic pH. Thus, levels to which the toxins accumulated and the effective concentration of amendment were dependent upon the soil examined. Of the two mechanisms identified, accumulation of nitrous acid is the more promising strategy to control plant diseases in acidic soil because it is more toxic than ammonia and is formed at lower concentrations of amendments.

Nanotechnology as a Smart Way to Promote the Growth of Plants and Control Plant Diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Heba Mahmoud Mohammad Abdel‐Aziz ◽  
Mohammed Nagib Abdel‐ghany Hasaneen
Keyword(s):  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Microbial Biocontrol as an Alternative to Synthetic Fungicides: Boundaries between Pre- and Postharvest Applications on Vegetables and Fruits

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Michele Sellitto ◽  
Severino Zara ◽  
Fabio Fracchetti ◽  
Vittorio Capozzi ◽  
Tiziana Nardi
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Crucial Point ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits ◽  
And Storage

From a ‘farm to fork’ perspective, there are several phases in the production chain of fruits and vegetables in which undesired microbial contaminations can attack foodstuff. In managing these diseases, harvest is a crucial point for shifting the intervention criteria. While in preharvest, pest management consists of tailored agricultural practices, in postharvest, the contaminations are treated using specific (bio)technological approaches (physical, chemical, biological). Some issues connect the ‘pre’ and ‘post’, aligning some problems and possible solution. The colonisation of undesired microorganisms in preharvest can affect the postharvest quality, influencing crop production, yield and storage. Postharvest practices can ‘amplify’ the contamination, favouring microbial spread and provoking injures of the product, which can sustain microbial growth. In this context, microbial biocontrol is a biological strategy receiving increasing interest as sustainable innovation. Microbial-based biotools can find application both to control plant diseases and to reduce contaminations on the product, and therefore, can be considered biocontrol solutions in preharvest or in postharvest. Numerous microbial antagonists (fungi, yeasts and bacteria) can be used in the field and during storage, as reported by laboratory and industrial-scale studies. This review aims to examine the main microbial-based tools potentially representing sustainable bioprotective biotechnologies, focusing on the biotools that overtake the boundaries between pre- and postharvest applications protecting quality against microbial decay.

scholarly journals The Use of Essential Oils from Thyme, Sage and Peppermint against Colletotrichum acutatum

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Armina Morkeliūnė ◽  
Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė ◽  
Lina Šernaitė ◽  
Alma Valiuškaitė
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Biological Protection

The Colletotrichum spp. is a significant strawberry pathogen causing yield losses of up to 50%. The most common method to control plant diseases is through the use of chemical fungicides. The findings of plants antimicrobial activities, low toxicity, and biodegradability of essential oils (EO), make them suitable for biological protection against fungal pathogens. The aim is to evaluate the inhibition of Colletotrichum acutatum by thyme, sage, and peppermint EO in vitro on detached strawberry leaves and determine EO chemical composition. Our results revealed that the dominant compound of thyme was thymol 41.35%, peppermint: menthone 44.56%, sage: α,β-thujone 34.45%, and camphor: 20.46%. Thyme EO inhibited C. acutatum completely above 200 μL L−1 concentration in vitro. Peppermint and sage EO reduced mycelial growth of C. acutatum. In addition, in vitro, results are promising for biological control. The detached strawberry leaves experiments showed that disease reduction 4 days after inoculation was 15.8% at 1000 μL L−1 of peppermint EO and 5.3% at 800 μL L−1 of thyme compared with control. Our findings could potentially help to manage C. acutatum; however, the detached strawberry leaves assay showed that EO efficacy was relatively low on tested concentrations and should be increased.

Real-Time PCR Detection of Ruminant DNA

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 550-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUIS MENDOZA-ROMERO ◽  
EDWARD L. C. VERKAAR ◽  
PAUL H. SAVELKOUL ◽  
ARNOLD CATSBURG ◽  
HENK J. M. AARTS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Dna Targeting ◽  
Species Origin ◽  
Semiquantitative Method

To control the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, several DNA methods have been described for the detection of the species origin of meat and bone meal. Most of these methods are based on the amplification of a mitochondrial DNA segment. We have developed a semiquantitative method based on real-time PCR for detection of ruminant DNA, targeting an 88-bp segment of the ruminant short interspersed nuclear element Bov-A2. This method is specific for ruminants and is able to detect as little as 10 fg of bovine DNA. Autoclaving decreased the amount of detectable DNA, but positive signals were observed in feeding stuff containing 10% bovine material if this had not been rendered in accordance with the regulations, i.e., heated at 134°C for 3 instead of 20 min.

scholarly journals Bovine meat and Bone Meal as an Economically Viable Alternative in Quail Feeding in the Final Phase

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (spe) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
CC Pizzolante ◽  
JE Moraes ◽  
SK Kakimoto ◽  
FEL Budiño ◽  
C Móri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Final Phase

scholarly journals Effect of isoproteinous feed on growth and survival of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-174
Author(s):  
I Siddika ◽  
M Das ◽  
K R Sumi
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Significant Difference

A four week experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of isoproteinous (35%) feed prepared named diet 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively by substituting 0%, 50% , 75% and 100% fish meal with meat and bone meal in view of preparing a cost effective tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry feed. The four experimental diets (diet 1 to 4) each were randomly assigned to twelve hapas with three replications. Tilapia fry (0.011g) were randomly stocked in 100 fry/9ft² hapa and fed five times a day up to their apparent satiation. The results of the study showed that the weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), the apparent net protein utilization value and survival (%) of the fish were significantly  (P<0.05) higher and better feed utilization with lower FCR value was observed in fish fed on the diet 4 where meat and bone meal was used as sole source of protein base. There was no significant difference between the carcass moisture and lipid of fish fed with different experimental diets. The results of the study indicated that diet 1 containing fish meal (45.15% Fish meal, 27.43% Rice bran and 27.43% Wheat flour) can be replaced by meat and bone meal containing diet 4 (54.06% Meat and bone meal, 22.97% Rice bran and 22.97% Wheat flour) with no adverse effects on growth and survival of O. niloticus. Before recommendation several trials will be necessary in different farms to be  sure of the reproducibility of the result obtained in the present experiment. Cost- benefit analysis reveals that the   meat and bone meal containing diet certainly provides cheaper feed.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i1.12110   J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(1): 169–174, 2012  

Response of breeding sows to long term dietary supplementation with folic acid

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 153-153
Author(s):  
P.B. Lynch ◽  
P.J.A. Sheehy
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Dietary supplementation with folic acid has been shown to improve reproductive performance in sows (Lindemann 1993). However most studies have been for one cycle only and few have examined the effect of supplementation over several parities.One hundred and thirty four crossbred sows ranging in parity from 2 to 4 were selected at farrowing and randomly allocated to two dietary treatments of low and high supplemental folic acid (0 and 10 g per tonne, Roche Products Ltd.). Treatments were applied for the following three lactations and post weaning periods, two full pregnancies and to day 30 of the pregnancy following the third lactation. The diet fed contained barley, wheat, soyabean meal and meat and bone meal with nutrient levels of 14.0 MJ DE/kg and 1.02% lysine. Sows were individually penned throughout with restricted feeding in pregnancy (2.2 kg/day increasing to 2.5 kg/day in the final month), and ad libitum in lactation (approx 5.0 kg/day) and post weaning (approx 3.4 kg/day). Blood samples for determination of plasma and red cell folate were taken from 14 sows per treatment on days 4, 50 and 110 of one cycle. These were determined by a microbiological assay (modification of methods of Scott et al 1974 and Wilson and Home 1982).

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