scholarly journals Novel Cytopathological Structures Induced by Mixed Infection of Unrelated Plant Viruses

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Martin ◽  
J. D. Cho ◽  
J. S. Kim ◽  
S. C. Goeke ◽  
K. S. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Cowpea Mosaic Virus ◽  
Viral Interactions ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Blackeye Cowpea Mosaic Virus

When two unrelated plant viruses infect a plant simultaneously, synergistic viral interactions often occur resulting in devastating diseases. This study was initiated to examine ultrastructural virus-virus interactions of mixed viral infections. Mixed infections were induced using potyviruses and viruses from other plant virus families. Novel ultrastructural paracrystalline arrays composed of co-infecting viruses, referred to as mixed virus particle aggregates (MVPAs), were noted in the majority of the mixed infections studied. When the flexuous rod-shaped potyvirus particles involved in MVPAs were sectioned transversely, specific geometrical patterns were noted within some doubly infected cells. Although similar geometrical patterns were associated with MVPAs of various virus combinations, unique characteristics within patterns were consistent in each mixed infection virus pair. Centrally located virus particles within some MVPAs appeared swollen (Southern bean mosaic virus mixed with Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus mixed with Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus, and Sunn hemp mosaic virus mixed with Soybean mosaic virus). This ultrastructural study complements molecular studies of mixed infections of plant viruses by adding the additional dimension of visualizing the interactions between the coinfecting viruses.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Histone Deacetylase Gene Family in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Peng Jin ◽  
Shiqi Gao ◽  
Long He ◽  
Miaoze Xu ◽  
Tianye Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Gene Family Evolution ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Wheat Yellow Mosaic Virus

Histone acetylation is a dynamic modification process co-regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). Although HDACs play vital roles in abiotic or biotic stress responses, their members in Triticumaestivum and their response to plant viruses remain unknown. Here, we identified and characterized 49 T. aestivumHDACs (TaHDACs) at the whole-genome level. Based on phylogenetic analyses, TaHDACs could be divided into 5 clades, and their protein spatial structure was integral and conserved. Chromosomal location and synteny analyses showed that TaHDACs were widely distributed on wheat chromosomes, and gene duplication has accelerated the TaHDAC gene family evolution. The cis-acting element analysis indicated that TaHDACs were involved in hormone response, light response, abiotic stress, growth, and development. Heatmaps analysis of RNA-sequencing data showed that TaHDAC genes were involved in biotic or abiotic stress response. Selected TaHDACs were differentially expressed in diverse tissues or under varying temperature conditions. All selected TaHDACs were significantly upregulated following infection with the barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV), Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV), and wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV), suggesting their involvement in response to viral infections. Furthermore, TaSRT1-silenced contributed to increasing wheat resistance against CWMV infection. In summary, these findings could help deepen the understanding of the structure and characteristics of the HDAC gene family in wheat and lay the foundation for exploring the function of TaHDACs in plants resistant to viral infections.

scholarly journals Incidence of viruses infecting pepper in Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-193
Author(s):  
Amisa Laprom ◽  
Somrudee Nilthong ◽  
Ekachai Chukeatirote
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
The North ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the incidence, diversity and distribution of viruses infecting pepper (Capsicum spp.) in the central, northern and northeastern parts of Thailand. During a survey in 2016 - 2019, a total of 2,149 leaf samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic peppers were collected randomly from farmer’s fields, and preliminary tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using 7 antibodies specific for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), tomato necrotic ringspot virus (TNRV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), potato virus Y (PVY), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and begomoviruses. Our data revealed that the incidence of the viruses infecting pepper in Thailand was high, accounting for nearly 70% (1,482 infected samples). The highest viral incidence was found in the central part (96%), followed by the north (74.4%) and the northeastern (52.8%), respectively. Begomoviruses, CMV, ChiVMV, and TNRV were detected in the samples at varying rates, whereas PVY, TMV, and TSWV were not detected. Of these, the most frequently found virus was Begomoviruses accounting for nearly 33%, with the highest rate (ca. 82%) in the central Provinces of Thailand. In addition, of the 1,482 infected samples, mixed infections among the four viruses were also found in 616 samples (ca. 42%), and CMV + ChiVMV (approximately 11%) was the most common mixed infection. This is the first report describing an occurrence of viruses in pepper of Thailand, and the results obtained have revealed that viruses infecting pepper are widespread, which may pose a threat to pepper production in Thailand.

scholarly journals Co-infection of Soybean with Soybean mosaic virus and Alfalfa mosaic virus Results in Disease Synergism and Alteration in Accumulation Level of Both Viruses

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 1259-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Malapi-Nelson ◽  
R.-H. Wen ◽  
B. H. Ownley ◽  
M. R. Hajimorad
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Mechanical Inoculation ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Symptom Remission ◽  
Diverse Plant

Co-infection of potyviruses with taxonomically diverse plant viruses results in disease synergism and elevation in the level of accumulation of non-potyviruses involved. In the majority of cases, however, the accumulation level of potyviruses remains essentially unaltered. A few potyviruses, such as Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), naturally infect soybean (Glycine max). Soybean is also a natural host to a number of non-potyviruses including Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), which causes mild symptoms often associated with symptom remission. We have now studied the interactions between AMV and SMV on symptom severity and accumulation level of each of the two viruses in soybean. Co-infection of soybean with AMV and SMV was established following mechanical inoculation, irrespective of simultaneous or sequential introduction of the two viruses. In multiple experiments, co-infection of soybean resulted in severe symptoms in doubly infected plants in a strain-independent manner, with enhancement in the level of AMV indicating that the interaction of AMV with SMV is synergistic. Conversely, the level of SMV accumulation was reduced. This suggests that in co-infection with AMV, SMV interacts antagonistically. The observation that co-infection of AMV and SMV results in disease synergism suggests enhancement of potential that AMV may become a serious viral disease of soybean.

Effects of single and mixed infections of Bean pod mottle virus and Soybean mosaic virus on host‐plant chemistry and host–vector interactions

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1648-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Fernanda G. V. Peñaflor ◽  
Kerry E. Mauck ◽  
Kelly J. Alves ◽  
Consuelo M. De Moraes ◽  
Mark C. Mescher
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Plant Chemistry ◽  
Bean Pod Mottle Virus

scholarly journals Assessment of Common Soybean-Infecting Viruses in Ohio, USA, Through Multi-site Sampling and High-Throughput Sequencing

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junping Han ◽  
Leslie L. Domier ◽  
Bryan J. Cassone ◽  
Anne Dorrance ◽  
Feng Qu
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Tobacco Streak Virus ◽  
Streak Virus

Multi-site sampling was conducted during 2011 and 2012 to assess the scope of virus disease problems of soybean in Ohio, USA. A total of 259 samples were collected from 80 soybean fields distributed in 42 Ohio counties, accounting for more than 90% of major soybean-growing counties in Ohio. A high-throughput RNA-Seq approach was adopted to identify all viruses in the samples that share sufficient sequence similarities with known plant viruses. To minimize sequencing costs, total RNA extracted from up to 20 samples were first pooled to make up regional pools, resulting in eight regional pools per year in both 2011 and 2012. These regional pools were further pooled into two yearly master pools of RNA, and sequenced using the Illumina's HiSeq2000 platform. Bioinformatic analyses of sequence reads led to the identification of signature sequences of nine different viruses. The originating locations of these viruses were then mapped with PCR or RT-PCR. This study confirmed the widespread distribution of Bean pod mottle virus, Soybean vein necrosis virus, Tobacco ringspot virus, and Tobacco streak virus in Ohio. It additionally revealed occasional association of Alfalfa mosaic virus, Bean yellow mosaic virus, Clover yellow vein virus, Soybean mosaic virus, and Soybean Putnam virus with Ohio soybean. This is the first statewide survey of soybean viruses in Ohio, and provides the much-needed baseline information for management of virus diseases of soybean. Accepted for publication 20 May 2016. Published 10 June 2016.

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