scholarly journals Field Evaluation of Interactions Between Insects and Erwinia amylovora in a New York Apple Orchard

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-103
Author(s):  
Matthew Boucher ◽  
Rowan Collins ◽  
Kayli Harling ◽  
Gabrielle Brind’Amour ◽  
Stephen Hesler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Bacterial Dissemination ◽  
Open Access Article

The role of insects in dissemination of Erwinia amylovora has been studied for over 100 years. Pollinating bees do not feed on bacterial ooze but are suggested to transmit between flowers. It has been suggested that various hemipteran species walk on bacterial ooze and subsequently shed acquired bacteria into their own feeding wounds. Dipterans have been observed readily feeding on ooze, but their importance has been understudied. The goal of this study was to advance understanding of the ecology of insect-mediated transmission of E. amylovora through field collections and observations conducted in a research apple orchard with actively oozing fire blight symptoms. We found that field-collected pollinating bees did not test positive for the bacterium, suggesting that their role in blossom blight dissemination may be overstated. Flies were prominent flower visitors, underscoring the need for further research into their role in bloom time bacterial dissemination. Flies were observed feeding on ooze droplets in the late spring and early summer and the insects retained bacteria for at least 7 days. Flies shed transmissible amounts of E. amylovora for the duration of the experiment. The role of hemipterans was not clarified in this study but it is possible that their role is indirect through interactions with other insects. Collectively, this research outlines the ecological role of different insects in disease transmission and underscores the underappreciated potential importance of flies, providing a roadmap toward a better understanding of the complex dynamics at play. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

Peronospora sordida. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North America ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Channel Islands ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Peronospora sordida. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Scrophularia altaica, S. aquatica, S. auriculata, S. bosniaca, S. californica, S. heterophylla, S. lanceolata, S. marylandica, S. nodosa, S. scopolii, S. umbrosa (=S. alata), Verbascum banaticum, V. blattaria, V. densiflorum (=V. thapsiforme), V. glabratum subsp. glabratum, V. lychnitis, V. nigrum, V. phlomoides, V. phoenicum, V. speciosum, V. thapsus, V. thapsus subsp. crassifolium (=V. montanum), V. virgatum. DISEASE: Downy mildew of Scrophularia and Verbascum, some species of which may be cultivated commercially for their medicinal or ornamental value; an obligately necrotrophic plant pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia; USSR (Kirghizia, Turkmenia, Uzbekistan). Europe; Austria, Belgium, France, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Rumania, USSR (Byelorussia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, RSFSR, Ukraine), Sweden, Switzerland, UK (England, Channel Islands, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales), Yugoslavia. North America; USA (California, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Wisconsin, Virginia). TRANSMISSION: By spores ('conidia') dispersed by wind or rain-splash. The role of oospores (if they are usually formed) in disease transmission is unknown.

scholarly journals Expression of the Type III Secretion System Genes in Epiphytic Erwinia amylovora Cells on Apple Stigmas Benefits Endophytic Infection at the Hypanthium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhouqi Cui ◽  
Regan B. Huntley ◽  
Neil P Schultes ◽  
Kaleem U. Kakar ◽  
Ching-Hong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Type Iii Secretion System ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Important Virulence Factor ◽  
Open Access Article

Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight on rosaceous plants. One of the major entry points of E. amylovora into hosts is flowers, where E. amylovora proliferates epiphytically on stigmatic and hypanthium surfaces and, subsequently, causes endophytic infection at the hypanthium. The type III secretion system (T3SS) is an important virulence factor in E. amylovora. Although the role of T3SS during endophytic infection is well characterized, its expression during epiphytic colonization and role in the subsequent infection is less understood. Here, we investigated T3SS gene expression in epiphytic E. amylovora on stigma and hypanthium of apple flowers under different relative humidities (RH). On stigma surfaces, T3SS was expressed in a high percentage of E. amylovora cells, and its expression promoted epiphytic growth. On hypanthium surfaces, however, T3SS was expressed in fewer E. amylovora cells than on the stigma, and displayed no correlation with epiphytic growth, even though T3SS expression is essential for infection. E. amylovora cells grown on stigmatic surfaces and then flushed down to the hypanthium displayed a higher level of T3SS expression than cells grown on the hypanthium surface alone. Furthermore, E. amylovora cells precultured on stigma had a higher potential to infect flowers than E. amylovora cells precultured in a T3SS-repressive medium. This suggests that T3SS induction during the stigmatic epiphytic colonization may be beneficial for subsequent infection. Finally, epiphytic expression of T3SS was influenced by RH. Higher percentage of stigmatic E. amylovora cells expressed T3SS under high RH than under low RH. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

scholarly journals Reconstructing SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics through the phylogenetic inference of unsampled sources of infection

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261422
Author(s):  
Deshan Perera ◽  
Ben Perks ◽  
Michael Potemkin ◽  
Andy Liu ◽  
Paul M. K. Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
New York State ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Transmission Networks ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Powerful Approach ◽  
Sources Of Infection

The COVID-19 pandemic has illustrated the importance of infection tracking. The role of asymptomatic, undiagnosed individuals in driving infections within this pandemic has become increasingly evident. Modern phylogenetic tools that take into account asymptomatic or undiagnosed individuals can help guide public health responses. We finetuned established phylogenetic pipelines using published SARS-CoV-2 genomic data to examine reasonable estimate transmission networks with the inference of unsampled infection sources. The system utilised Bayesian phylogenetics and TransPhylo to capture the evolutionary and infection dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. Our analyses gave insight into the transmissions within a population including unsampled sources of infection and the results aligned with epidemiological observations. We were able to observe the effects of preventive measures in Canada’s “Atlantic bubble” and in populations such as New York State. The tools also inferred the cross-species disease transmission of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from humans to lions and tigers in New York City’s Bronx Zoo. These phylogenetic tools offer a powerful approach in response to both the COVID-19 and other emerging infectious disease outbreaks.

Peronospora ficariae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Ficaria Verna

Abstract A description is provided for Peronospora ficariae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Anemone coronaria, Helleborus purpurascens, Ficaria calthifolia, F. ledebourii, F. ficarioides, Ranunculus abortivus, R. acriformis, R. acer, R. acris, R. alpestris, R. auricomus, R. bulbosus, R. carpaticus, R. cassubicus, R. constantinopolitanus, R. crenatus, R. fascicularis, R. ficaria (= Ficaria verna), R. flammula subsp. flammula, R. languinosus, R. lateriflorus, R. lingua, R. montanus, R. nemorosus, R. oreophilus, R. oxyspermus, R. pedatus, R. pennsylvanicus, R. platanifolius, R. polyanthemus, R. pseudoplatanus, R. recurvatus, R. repens, R. sardous, R. scleratus, R. septentrionalis, R. uncinatus (= R. bongardi), R. velutinus. DISEASE: Downy mildew of Ranunculus species, covering the entire leaf undersurface. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia-Temperate: China, Kazakhstan, Kirgizistan, Russia (Kamchatka), Stavropol, Japan. Australasia: New Zealand. Europe: Austria, Belgium, Belorussiya, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Estonia, Faeroes, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (Krym, Moscow, Pskov, Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Saratov, Smolensk, Tambov, Tatariya, Tula, Yaroslavl) Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK (England, Scotland, Wales, Channel Islands), Yugoslavia. North America; Canada (British Columbia, Que), USA (Alabama, Idaho, Maine, Michigan, Oregon, Wisconsin, Washington State, Wyoming, New York). South America: Argentina, Dominican Republic. TRANSMISSION: By conidia dispersed by wind or rain-splash. The role of oospores in disease transmission is unknown, although they may act as perennating structures.

scholarly journals A novel computational approach to reconstruct SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics through the inference of unsampled sources of infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deshan Perera ◽  
Ben Perks ◽  
Michael Potemkin ◽  
Paul Gordon ◽  
John Gill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
New York State ◽  
Transmission Network ◽  
Transmission Networks ◽  
Mobile Populations ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTInfectious diseases such as the COVID19 pandemic cemented the importance of disease tracking. The role of asymptomatic, undiagnosed individuals in driving infection has become evident. Their unaccountability results in ineffective prevention. We developed a pipeline using genomic data to accurately predict a population’s transmission network complete with the inference of unsampled sources. The system utilises Bayesian phylogenetics to capture evolutionary and infection dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. It identified the effectiveness of preventive measures in Canada’s Atlantic bubble and mobile populations such as New York State. Its robustness extends to the prediction of cross-species disease transmission as we inferred SARS-CoV-2 transmission from humans to lions and tigers in New York City’s Bronx Zoo. The proposed method’s ability to generate such complete transmission networks, provides a more detailed insight into the transmission dynamics within a population. This potential frontline tool will be of direct help in “the battle to bend the curve”.

Direct and indirect effects of plant litter on a seed–pathogen interaction inBromus tectorumseed banks

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Beckstead ◽  
Lauren E. Miller ◽  
Brian M. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Seed Mortality ◽  
Ecological Importance

AbstractThe naturally occurring fungal seed pathogen,Pyrenophora semeniperda, reduces the seed bank ofBromus tectorumbut the role of plant litter in this seed–pathogen interaction is unexplored. To investigate the direct and indirect effects of litter on this interaction, we first collected field seed-bank samples from low and highBromuslitter patches. From these data, we explored the relationship between litter depth, seed-bank density and seed mortality fromP. semeniperda. Second, we manipulated the fungal stages (conidial spores and mycelium) in/on the litter through sterilization techniques, to measure the direct effect of litter on seed death. Third, for indirect effects, we manipulated litter levels and held seed density and inoculum constant to determine whetherBromuslitter could modify the seed zone microsites to favour disease. We found that seed-bank samples from high-litter patches contained higher field-killed seed densities compared with low-litter patches, although the percent difference of disease between litter patch types varied among sites and years (e.g. 80% to 46%). In testing the direct effects of litter on the seed–pathogen interaction, we found that litter can act as a direct inoculum source for the pathogen in the early summer but decreases in disease transmission by the following spring when the litter naturally is in contact with seeds. Investigating indirect effects, we found four times as many pathogen-killed seeds in high-litter treatments as compared with low-litter treatments when inoculum loads and seed densities were held constant. In addition, we found that litter influences the seed–pathogen interaction through density-dependent disease transmission. Our findings demonstrate the ecological importance of litter in semi-arid environments as it influences disease levels of a seed pathogen by direct and indirect means.

38. Max Brodel (1870-1941): His artistic influence on surgical learning at John Hopkins Medical School

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
P. Pace-Asciak ◽  
T. Gelfand
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Neck Surgery ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Medical Illustration ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Teaching Anatomy ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Pathological Disease

Medical students depend on illustration to learn anatomical facts and details that may be too subtle for the written or spoken word. For surgical disciplines, learners rely on tools such as language, 2-dimensional illustrations, and 3-dimensional models to pass on important concepts. Although a photograph can convey factual information, illustration can highlight and educate the pertinent details for understanding surgical procedures, neurovascular structures, and the pathological disease processes. In order to understand the current role of medical illustration in education, one needs to look to the past to see how art has helped solve communication dilemmas when learning medicine. This paper focuses on Max Brodel (1870-1941), a German-trained artist who eventually immigrated to the United States to pursue his career as a medical illustrator. Shortly after his arrival in Baltimore, Brodel made significant contributions to medical illustration in Gynecology at John Hopkins University, and eventually in other fields of medicine such as Urology and Otolaryngology. Brodel is recognized as one of America’s most distinguished medical illustrators for creating innovative artistic techniques and founding the profession of medical illustration. Today, animated computer based art is synergistically used with medical illustration to educate students about anatomy. Some of the changes that have occurred with the advancement of computer technology will be highlighted and compared to a century ago, when illustrations were used for teaching anatomy due to the scarcity of cadavers. Schultheiss D, Udo J. Max Brodel (1870-1941) and Howard A.Kelly (1858-1943) – Urogynecology and the birth of modern medical illustration. European Journal of Obstetrics & gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1999; 86:113-115. Crosby C. Max Brodel: the man who put art into medicine. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991. Papel ID. Max Brodel’s contributions to otolaryngology – Head and Neck surgery. The American Journal of Otology 1986; 7(6):460-469.

Neoliberalism, Law and its Discontents: Three Recent Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Princeton University ◽  
The Law

Honor Brabazon, ed. Neoliberal Legality: Understanding the Role of law in the neoliberal project (New York: Routledge, 2017). 214pp. Paperback.$49.95 Katharina Pistor. The Code of Capital: How the Law Creates Wealth and Inequality (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019). 297 pp. Hardcover.$29.95 Astra Taylor. Democracy May Not Exist, but We'll Miss It When It's Gone (New York: Metropolitan Books--Macmillan, 2019). Hardcover$27.00

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