In Utero and In Vitro Proteinase Activity During the Mesocricetus auratus Embryo Zona Escape Time Window1

Studies were conducted to determine the pathogenic potential of the recently isolated bovine Neospora protozoa (BPA-1) for the bovine fetus. Cows chosen for study had Neospora titers < 160 using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test. Four experimental groups were studied. In group 1, 2 fetuses were inoculated in utero at 118 days gestation with culture-derived Neospora tachyzoites. A pregnant control cow was housed in the same pen, observed daily and screened serologically for evidence of exposure to Neospora. In group 2, 2 cows were infected with Neospora tachyzoites at 138 or 161 days gestation, and 1 control cow was given uninfected cell culture suspension simultaneously at 154 days gestation. Groups 3 (85 days gestation) and 4 (120 days gestation) each consisted of 2 cows infected with Neospora tachyzoites and 1 control cow given uninfected material at the same stage of gestation. Dead fetuses were surgically removed from the infected cows in group 1 on postinfection day (PID) 17. The histopathology was compatible with protozoal fetal infection, and protozoa were identified by immunohistochemistry. Viable fetuses were removed surgically from cows in group 2 on PID 28-30. The histopathology was compatible with protozoal fetal infection, protozoa were identified by immunoperoxidase techniques, and Neospora tachyzoites were reisolated in vitro from tissues of the 2 infected fetuses. In groups 3 and 4, the control fetus and 1 infected fetus were removed surgically between PID 26 and PID 33. The remaining infected cows were observed until fetal death or abortion occurred. In group 3, the fetus that was surgically removed from 1 infected cow had no pathologic abnormalities, and parasites were not found (PID 26). The second fetus in group 3 died in utero, and expulsion of a mummified fetus was induced on PID 67. Brain histopathology was compatible with protozoal infection, and parasites were identified by immunoperoxidase techniques. The fetus that was surgically removed (PID 32) from 1 infected cow in group 4 had lesions compatible with protozoal infection, and Neospora tachyzoites were reisolated in vitro from fetal tissues. The second infected cow in group 4 produced a full-term live calf that had a precolostral Neospora titer of 20,480. Clinically, this calf had depressed conscious proprioception in all limbs. Very mild lesions were found in the central nervous system, but protozoa were not found in the tissues. The results demonstrate that the bovine Neospora protozoa can be transplacentally transmitted, resulting in fetal infection and death, and mimics the naturally occurring fetal disease.

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Investigation of the determinative state of the mouse inner cell mass

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.33.4.979 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 979-990

Author(s):

J. Rossant

Keyword(s):

Inner Cell Mass ◽

Cell Mass ◽

In Utero ◽

Glucose Phosphate Isomerase ◽

Trophoblast Cells ◽

Electrophoretic Variants ◽

Glucose Phosphate

Inner cell masses (ICMs) were dissected from 3½- and 4½-day blastocysts and cultured in contact with 2½-day morulae. Blastocysts and morulae were homozygous for different electrophoretic variants of the enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI). Aggregation of ICMs and morulae was observed, and such aggregates were able to form blastocysts in vitro and morphologically normal foetuses in utero. GPI analysis of these conceptuses revealed that most were chimaeric. However, donor ICM-type isozyme was only detected in the embryonic and extra-embryonic fractions of the chimaeras and never in the trophoblastic fraction. Thus, ICM cells appear unable to form trophoblast derivatives even when exposed to ‘outside’ conditions as experienced by developing trophoblast cells. This is evidence that ICM cells, although not overtly differentiated, are determined by 3½ days.

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A critical role of VLA-4 in erythropoiesis in vivo

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v87.6.2513.bloodjournal8762513 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 87 (6) ◽

pp. 2513-2517 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

K Hamamura ◽

H Matsuda ◽

Y Takeuchi ◽

S Habu ◽

H Yagita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Fetal Liver ◽

Critical Role ◽

In Utero ◽

In Vitro Studies ◽

Specific Interactions ◽

Erythroid Progenitors

Hematopoiesis requires specific interactions with the microenvironments, and VLA-4 has been implicated in these interactions based on in vitro studies. To study the role of VLA-4 in hematopoiesis in vivo, we performed in utero treatment of mice with an anti-VLA-4 monoclonal antibody. Although all hematopoietic cells in fetal liver expressed VLA-4, the treatment specifically induced anemia. It had no effect on the development of nonerythroid lineage cells, including lymphoids and myeloids. In the treated liver almost no erythroblast was detected, whereas the erythroid progenitors, which give rise to erythroid colonies in vitro, were present. These results indicate that VLA-4 plays a critical role in erythropoiesis, while it is not critical in lymphopoiesis in vivo.

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Primitive human hematopoietic cells displaying differential efflux of the rhodamine 123 dye have distinct biological activities

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v88.4.1297.bloodjournal8841297 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 88 (4) ◽

pp. 1297-1305 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

N Uchida ◽

J Combs ◽

S Chen ◽

E Zanjani ◽

R Hoffman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stromal Cell ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Single Cells ◽

Hematopoietic Cells ◽

In Utero ◽

Rhodamine 123 ◽

Differentiation Potential ◽

Cd34 Cells

Human bone marrow (BM) CD34+ cells were stained with the vital dye, rhodamine 123 (Rh123), and analyzed for their biological properties based on the level of dye retention. Heterogeneous rhodamine staining is seen within the CD34+ population, and the staining patterns differ dramatically between fetal BM (FBM), adult BM (ABM) and mobilized peripheral blood (MPB). Kinetic analysis of the efflux of Rh123 from ABM CD34+ cells showed that efflux of Rh123 was most rapid from the most primitive Thy-1+ subset. The efflux of Rh123 could be inhibited by verapamil, suggesting that rhodamine efflux from primitive hematopoietic cells is primarily due to the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) pump or another intracellular transport system affected by verapamil. When four CD34+ subpopulations were plated onto SyS1 BM stromal cell cocultures after 1 to 2 weeks, only wells plated with CD34+ Thy- 1+Rh123lo (low-level Rh123 retention) or CD34+Thy-1+Rh123mid (mid-level Rh123 retention) cells maintained greater than 50% of cells in an uncommitted CD34+33- stage. CD34+Lin- (lineage-negative) cells were fractionated based on Rh123 dye staining into Rh123hi (high-level Rh123 retention), Rh123mid, and Rh123lo and deposited as single cells into long-term SyS1 BM stromal cell cultures. The Rh123mid fraction had immense early proliferative activity in vitro, but lost the ability to form cobblestone areas after 5 to 6 weeks in culture. In contrast, the Rh123lo fraction proliferated more slowly but sustained long-term in vitro hematopoiesis as evidenced by continued cobblestone area-forming cells (CAFC) activity for at least 6 weeks. The Rh123hi fraction showed a plating efficiency similar to that of the Rh123lo or Rh1123mid fractions but did not extensively proliferative in vitro and did not show evidence of CAFC activity. We predicted from these in vitro results that the Rh123lo subsets possesses long-term engrafting potential. Indeed, on transplantation into the SCID-hu bone assay, all long-term engrafting potential and multilineage differentiation potential resided within the Rh123lo-mid but not Rh123hi subset. Furthermore, human marrow subpopulations derived from chimeric sheep after in utero transplantation with CD34+Thy-1+Lin- cells were reisolated based on Rh123 staining. Again, CD34+Lin- subsets showing Rh123lo-mid had long-term growth in culture, whereas Rh123hiCD34+Lin- cells did not. These results show that, after injection of CD34+Thy- 1+Lin- cells into an in utero microenvironment, primitive CD34+ cells maintain a Rh123 phenotype that correlates with their in vitro CAFC activity. Thus, Rh123 staining is an effective way to define functional subsets of primitive hematopoietic cell populations.

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Isolation of immortalized, INK4a/ARF-deficient cells from the subventricular zone after in utero N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea exposure

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.2005.102.1.0098 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 102 (1) ◽

pp. 98-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Todd M. Savarese ◽

Taichang Jang ◽

Hoi Pang Low ◽

Rebecca Salmonsen ◽

N. Scott Litofsky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Lines ◽

Subventricular Zone ◽

Defined Medium ◽

In Utero ◽

Homozygous Deletion ◽

Content Type ◽

Immortalized Cell Lines ◽

Immortalized Cell ◽

Fine Print

Object. Brain tumors, including gliomas, develop several months after rats are exposed in utero to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). Although pathological changes cannot be detected until these animals are several weeks old, the process that eventually leads to glioma formation must begin soon after exposure given the rapid clearance of the carcinogen and the observation that transformation of brain cells isolated soon after exposure occasionally occurs. This model can therefore potentially provide useful insights about the early events that precede overt glioma formation. The authors hypothesized that future glioma cells arise from stem/progenitor cells residing in or near the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain. Methods. Cells obtained from the SVZ or corpus striatum in ENU-exposed and control rats were cultured in an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-containing, chemically defined medium. Usually, rat SVZ cells cultured in this manner (neurospheres) are nestin-positive, undifferentiated, and EGF-dependent and undergo cell senescence. Consistent with these prior observations, control SVZ cells undergo senescence by the 12th to 15th doubling (20 of 20 cultures). In contrast, three of 15 cultures of cells derived from the SVZs of individual ENU-treated rats continue to proliferate for more than 60 cell passages. Each of these nestin-expressing immortalized cell lines harbored a common homozygous deletion spanning the INK4a/ARF locus and was unable to differentiate into neural lineages after exposure to specific in vitro stimuli. Nevertheless, unlike the rat C6 glioma cell line, these immortalized cell lines demonstrate EGF dependence and low clonogenicity in soft agar and did not form tumors after intracranial transplantation. Conclusions. Data in this study indicated that immortalized cells may represent glioma precursors that reside in the area of the SVZ after ENU exposure that may serve as a reservoir for further genetic and epigenetic hits that could eventually result in a full glioma phenotype.

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Chapter 29: An in vitro study on increased neuronal and astrocytic vulnerability to neurotoxic injury after in utero cocaine exposure: the reversal effects of GM1 treatment

Progress in Brain Research - Neuronal-Astrocytic Interactions - Implications for Normal and Pathological CNS Function ◽

10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61763-x ◽

1992 ◽

pp. 339-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A. Stadlin ◽

D. Tsang ◽

J.S. MacDonall ◽

S.P. Mahadik ◽

S.E. Karpiak

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Study ◽

In Utero ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Cocaine Exposure

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Engraftment of Severe Combined Immune Deficient Mice Receiving Allogeneic Bone Marrow Via In Utero or Postnatal Transfer

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v92.10.3949 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 92 (10) ◽

pp. 3949-3959 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

Bruce R. Blazar ◽

Patricia A. Taylor ◽

Ron McElmurry ◽

Lina Tian ◽

Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

T Cell ◽

Adoptive Transfer ◽

In Utero ◽

Allogeneic Bone ◽

Severe Combined Immune Deficiency ◽

Graft Versus Host ◽

In Utero Transplantation ◽

Total Body

Abstract Although in utero transplantation (IUT) has been shown to be effective in treating human severe combined immune deficiency (SCID), the relative merit of IUT as compared with postnatal bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for SCID is unknown. Therefore, comparative studies were undertaken in mice to determine the engraftment outcome in these two settings. Because T-cell depletion (TCD) reduces graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) severity but compromises alloengraftment, studies were performed with TCD or non-TCD BM and GVHD risk was assessed using a tissue scoring system and by the adoptive transfer of splenocytes from engrafted mice into secondary recipients. Non-SCID recipients received pre-BMT irradiation to simulate those circumstances in which conditioning is required for alloengraftment. IUT recipients of non-TCD and especially TCD BM cells in general had higher levels of donor T-cell and myeloid peripheral blood (PB) engraftment than nonconditioned SCID recipients. Increased TCD or non-TCD BM cell numbers in adult SCID recipients resulted in similar levels of PB engraftment as IUT recipients. However, under these conditions, mean GVHD scores were higher than in IUT recipients. The majority of adoptive transfer recipients of splenocytes from IUT recipients were GVHD-free, consistent with the in vitro evidence of tolerance to host alloantigens. Total body irradiation (TBI)-treated mice that had the highest engraftment had evidence of thymic damage as denoted by a higher proportion of thymic and splenic T cells with a memory phenotype as compared with IUT recipients. IUT mice had vigorous thymic reconstitution by 3 weeks of age. Our data indicate that IUT has a number of advantages as compared with postnatal BMT. Future studies examining the fine specificity of immunoreconstitution in IUT versus postnatal BMT are indicated.

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Activation of oxidized cysteine proteinases by thioredoxin-mediated reduction in vitro

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2910345 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 291 (2) ◽

pp. 345-347 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

A G Stephen ◽

R Powls ◽

R J Beynon

Keyword(s):

Thioredoxin Reductase ◽

Proteinase Activity ◽

Cysteine Proteinases ◽

Thioredoxin System ◽

Mediated Reduction ◽

Oxidative Attack

Activity of the cysteine adducts of the cysteine proteinases papain and thaumatopain can be recovered by treatment with thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase and NADPH. Recovery of proteinase activity did not occur if any of the components of the thioredoxin system were omitted, or if thioredoxin or thioredoxin reductase were heat-inactivated. Such an enzyme-mediated process may be of significance in the recovery of cysteine proteinases inactivated by oxidative attack.

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