Granulosa cells play an essential role in follicular development and formation of corpora lutea. Many functions of granulosa-lutein cells are controlled by activation of G protein-coupled receptors and the formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) by adenylyl cyclase. There are at least nine mammalian adenylyl cyclase isoenzymes, which show different sensitivities towards other signalling systems. The aim of this study was to identify the types of adenylyl cyclase present in human granulosa cells and to investigate its functional regulation by G proteins, calcium and the protein kinase C and A pathways. Granulosa cells were obtained from women undergoing IVF. The cells were maintained in primary culture and they consistently expressed mRNA coding for adenylyl cyclase I, III, VI, VII and IX. The signals for adenylyl cyclase V and VIII were more variable among patients and there was no signal for adenylyl cyclase II. The expression of multiple adenylyl cyclase proteins was confirmed by immunochemistry with subtype-specific antibodies. The formation of cAMP in cultured cells was stimulated many times by hCG (EC(50) value 4.2 iu ml(-1)) and by prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2); EC(50) = 0.75 micromol l(-1)) in a concentration-dependent manner, thus confirming the presence of receptors coupled positively to G(s). The diterpene forskolin, which stimulates all isoforms of adenylyl cyclase except for adenylyl cyclase IX, increased cAMP formation to higher levels than hCG or PGE(2). The strong stimulation by forskolin indicates that adenylyl cyclase IX is unlikely to be the major source of cyclase activity in these cells. Basal and forskolin- or PGE(2)-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity was amplified 1.5-2.0 times by phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate, indicating that protein kinase C-sensitive enzymes (for example, adenylyl cyclase types IV, V, VI or VII) may be active in the cells. In contrast, hCG-stimulated activity was inhibited (76 +/- 6%) by phorbol ester. Stimulation of G(i) with the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine inhibited hCG-induced cyclase activity. This finding indicates that adenylyl cyclase II and IV subtypes, which are stimulated by betagamma subunits released from G(i), are not predominant. Increases in intracellular free calcium concentrations by the ionophore A23187, the calcium-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin or by fluprostenol, a selective prostanoid FP receptor agonist, which is known to open calcium channels in granulosa cells, or removal of calcium by EGTA, had no significant effects on basal or forskolin-stimulated formation of cAMP. These results indicate that subtypes adenylyl cyclase I, III and VIII, which are activated by calcium, and adenylyl cyclase V and VI, which are inhibited by calcium, are not dominant isoforms in granulosa-lutein cells. The protein kinase A inhibitor H89 had no effects on formation of cAMP; this finding rules out the involvement of adenylyl cyclase V and VI subtypes, which are subjected to negative feedback by protein kinase A. These results indicate that adenylyl cyclase VII is the dominant functional isoenzyme in human granulosa-lutein cells.
Prostaglandin E
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‐Stimulated Cl
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Secretion in Airway Epithelium Involves Protein Kinase A and Calcium Crosstalk