THE EFFECTS OF ENDURANCE EXERCISE TRAINING ON PERIPHERAL SKELETAL MUSCLE OXYGENATION AND CAPILLARY PROLIFERATION IN HUMAN

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. S327
Author(s):  
S Haga ◽  
M Mizuno ◽  
T Hamaoka ◽  
T Katsumura ◽  
S Ha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Oxygenation ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation

Skeletal muscle biochemical adaptations to exercise training in miniature swine

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 1862-1868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. McAllister ◽  
Brian L. Reiter ◽  
John F. Amann ◽  
M. Harold Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Miniature Swine ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Hydroxyacyl Coa Dehydrogenase

McAllister, Richard M., Brian L. Reiter, John F. Amann, and M. Harold Laughlin. Skeletal muscle biochemical adaptations to exercise training in miniature swine. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6): 1862–1868, 1997.—The primary purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that endurance exercise training induces increased oxidative capacity in porcine skeletal muscle. To test this hypothesis, female miniature swine were either trained by treadmill running 5 days/wk over 16–20 wk (Trn; n = 35) or pen confined (Sed; n = 33). Myocardial hypertrophy, lower heart rates during submaximal stages of a maximal treadmill running test, and increased running time to exhaustion during that test were indicative of training efficacy. A variety of skeletal muscles were sampled and subsequently assayed for the enzymes citrate synthase (CS), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase and for antioxidant enzymes. Fiber type composition of a representative muscle was also determined histochemically. The largest increase in CS activity (62%) was found in the gluteus maximus muscle (Sed, 14.7 ± 1.1 μmol ⋅ min−1 ⋅ g−1; Trn, 23.9 ± 1.0; P < 0.0005). Muscles exhibiting increased CS activity, however, were located primarily in the forelimb; ankle and knee extensor and respiratory muscles were unchanged with training. Only two muscles exhibited higher 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity in Trn compared with Sed. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was unchanged with training, as were activities of antioxidant enzymes. Histochemical analysis of the triceps brachii muscle (long head) revealed lower type IIB fiber numbers in Trn (Sed, 42 ± 6%; Trn, 10 ± 4; P < 0.01) and greater type IID/X fiber numbers (Sed, 11 ± 2; Trn, 22 ± 3; P < 0.025). These findings indicate that porcine skeletal muscle adapts to endurance exercise training in a manner similar to muscle of humans and other animal models, with increased oxidative capacity. Specific muscles exhibiting these adaptations, however, differ between the miniature swine and other species.

scholarly journals Exercise: Teaching myocytes new tricks

2017 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 460-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott K. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Cardiac Myocytes ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Cardiac Phenotype ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Fibers ◽  
Exercise Induced

Endurance exercise training promotes numerous cellular adaptations in both cardiac myocytes and skeletal muscle fibers. For example, exercise training fosters changes in mitochondrial function due to increased mitochondrial protein expression and accelerated mitochondrial turnover. Additionally, endurance exercise training alters the abundance of numerous cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins in both cardiac and skeletal muscle myocytes, resulting in a protective phenotype in the active fibers; this exercise-induced protection of cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers is often referred to as “exercise preconditioning.” As few as 3–5 consecutive days of endurance exercise training result in a preconditioned cardiac phenotype that is sheltered against ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury. Similarly, endurance exercise training results in preconditioned skeletal muscle fibers that are resistant to a variety of stresses (e.g., heat stress, exercise-induced oxidative stress, and inactivity-induced atrophy). Many studies have probed the mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced preconditioning of cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers; these studies are important, because they provide an improved understanding of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced preconditioning, which has the potential to lead to innovative pharmacological therapies aimed at minimizing stress-induced injury to cardiac and skeletal muscle. This review summarizes the development of exercise-induced protection of cardiac myocytes and skeletal muscle fibers and highlights the putative mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced protection in the heart and skeletal muscles.

scholarly journals Endurance Exercise Training Up-Regulates Lipolytic Proteins and Reduces Triglyceride Content in Skeletal Muscle of Obese Subjects

2013 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 4863-4871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Louche ◽  
Pierre-Marie Badin ◽  
Emilie Montastier ◽  
Claire Laurens ◽  
Virginie Bourlier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Gene Identification ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Obese Subjects

Context: Skeletal muscle lipase and intramyocellular triglyceride (IMTG) play a role in obesity-related metabolic disorders. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of 8 weeks of endurance exercise training on IMTG content and lipolytic proteins in obese male subjects. Design and Volunteers: Ten obese subjects completed an 8-week supervised endurance exercise training intervention in which vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were collected before and after training. Main Outcome Measures: Clinical characteristics and ex vivo substrate oxidation rates were measured pre- and posttraining. Skeletal muscle lipid content and lipolytic protein expression were also investigated. Results: Our data show that exercise training reduced IMTG content by 42% (P &lt; .01) and increased skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, whereas no change in total diacylglycerol content and glucose oxidation was found. Exercise training up-regulated adipose triglyceride lipase, perilipin (PLIN) 3 protein, and PLIN5 protein contents in skeletal muscle despite no change in mRNA levels. Training also increased hormone sensitive–lipase Ser660 phosphorylation. No significant changes in comparative gene identification 58, G0/G1 switch gene 2, and PLIN2 protein and mRNA levels were observed in response to training. Interestingly, we noted a strong relationship between skeletal muscle comparative gene identification 58 and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I protein contents at baseline (r = 0.87, P &lt; .0001). Conclusions: Endurance exercise training coordinately up-regulates fat oxidative capacity and lipolytic protein expression in skeletal muscle of obese subjects. This physiological adaptation probably favors fat oxidation and may alleviate the lipotoxic lipid pressure in skeletal muscle. Enhancement of IMTG turnover may be required for the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise in obesity.

Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Holloszy ◽  
E. F. Coyle
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Mitochondrial Content ◽  
Respiratory Capacity ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training

Regularly performed endurance exercise induces major adaptations in skeletal muscle. These include increases in the mitochondrial content and respiratory capacity of the muscle fibers. As a consequence of the increase in mitochondria, exercise of the same intensity results in a disturbance in homeostasis that is smaller in trained than in untrained muscles. The major metabolic consequences of the adaptations of muscle to endurance exercise are a slower utilization of muscle glycogen and blood glucose, a greater reliance on fat oxidation, and less lactate production during exercise of a given intensity. These adaptations play an important role in the large increase in the ability to perform prolonged strenuous exercise that occurs in response to endurance exercise training.

scholarly journals The Effects of 8-week Acetic Acid Feeding on Endurance Performance and Fat Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle of Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Dong-Won Lee ◽  
Sung-Hee Oh ◽  
Kyung-Oh Choi ◽  
Jeong-Sun Ju
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training

PURPOSE:The combined effect of acetic acid supplementation and endurance exercise training on fatty acid metabolism and skeletal muscle functions are not well known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week acetic acid administration with or without endurance exercise training on fatty acid metabolism and skeletal muscle functions using mice.METHODS: Fourty-eight male wild-type ICR mice (10-week old) were randomly divided into 4 groups: sedentary control (Sed+Con), sedentary sodium acetate (Sed+NaAc), exercise control (Exe+Con) and exercise sodium acetate (Exe+NaAc) groups. For acetic acid diet, sodium acetate was incorporated into the chow diet at 5% (w/w). For the exercise training, mice performed 4 days/week of 20 min treadmill running exercise training for 8 weeks. Following 8 weeks of combined treatments of acetic acid and endurance running exercise training, visceral fat mass and skeletal muscle mass, blood parameters, and the markers for fatty acid metabolism were analyzed. The results were analyzed with one-way ANOVA (p<.05) using the SPSS 21 program.RESULTS: Eight weeks of Exe+NaAc treatment significantly increased maximal running time compared with Sed+Con and Exe+Con groups (p<.05). Eight weeks of Exe+NaAc treatment significantly decreased fatty acid synthesis-related FAS (fatty acid synthase) protein levels compared with the Sed+Con group, and increased fatty acid oxidation-related CPT1B (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B) protein levels compared with Sed+Con and Sed+NaAc groups (p<.05). This combined treatment of acetic acid and endurance exercise training also increased AMPK activation compared with the Sed+Con and the Sed+NaAc groups (p<.05).CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that there were synergistic effects of the treatment of 8-week acetic acid supplementation and endurance exercise training on the reductions of body weight and visceral fat mass and an increase in endurance performance.

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