DONOR-DERIVED INFLUENZA-SPECIFIC MEMORY T CELLS DOMINATE THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN RECIPIENTS FOLLOWING MOUSE LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

The data obtained during previous epidemics caused by coronaviruses, and current pandemic indicate that assessing the role of certain immune interactions between these viruses and the microorganism is the main pre-requisite for development of diagnostic test systems as well as effective medical drugs and preventive measures. The review summarizes the results of studying patho– and immunogenesis of SARSCoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 infections. These coronaviruses were proven to suppress development of adaptive immune response at the stage of its induction, affecting the number and functional activity of lymphocytes, effectors of cellular immunity, causing impairment of lymphopoiesis, apoptosis and «depletion» of these cells, thus leading to longer duration of the disease and increased viral load. Information about the role of cellular immunity in development of immune response to coronaviruses is presented. It was proven that the causative agents of SARS, MERS and COVID-19 trigger adaptive immune response in the microorganism according to both humoral and cellular types. Moreover, the synthesis of specific immunoglobulins does not yet point to presence of protective immune response. Activation of the cellular link of immunity is also important. A high degree of antigenic epitope homology in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 is described, thus suggesting an opportunity for cross-immunity to coronaviruses. The review addresses issues related to the terms of specific memory immune cells to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and their role in providing long-term protection against these infections. Given that specific antibodies to SARS and MERS pathogens persisted for a year, were often not detected or briefly registered in patients with mild and asymptomatic infections, we can talk about important role of the cellular immune response in providing immunity to these coronaviruses. It was shown that, in contrast to antibodies, the antigen-specific memory T cells were registered in patients with SARS virus for 4 to 11 years, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome – up to two years. Further research is needed to determine presence and number of memory T cells in COVID-19. A comparative analysis of data obtained during previous epidemics with respect to formation of adaptive immunity to coronaviruses. Description of proteins and epitopes recognized by human T lymphocytes will be useful in monitoring immune responses in COVID-19 patients, as well as in developing informative tests to study T cell immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and new preventive drugs.

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Persistent cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.20202515 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 218 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Gaëlle Breton ◽

Pilar Mendoza ◽

Thomas Hägglöf ◽

Thiago Y. Oliveira ◽

Dennis Schaefer-Babajew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Cell Division ◽

T Cell ◽

Cellular Immunity ◽

Memory T Cells ◽

Cell Responses ◽

Paired Samples ◽

Specific Memory ◽

Cd8 Memory T Cells

SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for an ongoing pandemic that has affected millions of individuals around the globe. To gain further understanding of the immune response in recovered individuals, we measured T cell responses in paired samples obtained an average of 1.3 and 6.1 mo after infection from 41 individuals. The data indicate that recovered individuals show persistent polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2 antigen–specific memory that could contribute to rapid recall responses. Recovered individuals also show enduring alterations in relative overall numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells, including expression of activation/exhaustion markers, and cell division.

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Elevation of CD4+ Differentiated Memory T Cells Is Associated With Acute Cellular and Antibody-Mediated Rejection After Liver Transplantation

Transplantation Journal ◽

10.1097/tp.0b013e318290de18 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 95 (12) ◽

pp. 1512-1520 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Undine A. Gerlach ◽

Katrin Vogt ◽

Stephan Schlickeiser ◽

Christian Meisel ◽

Mathias Streitz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Transplantation ◽

T Cells ◽

Memory T Cells ◽

Antibody Mediated Rejection

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Ex Vivo Phenotype and Frequency of Influenza Virus-Specific CD4 Memory T Cells

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.78.13.7284-7287.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 78 (13) ◽

pp. 7284-7287 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Michaela Lucas ◽

Cheryl L. Day ◽

Jessica R. Wyer ◽

Sharon L. Cunliffe ◽

Andrew Loughry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Influenza Virus ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Memory T Cells ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Class Ii ◽

Low Frequencies ◽

Tetramer Staining ◽

Specific Memory ◽

Memory Cd4 T Cells

ABSTRACT Recent advances in class II tetramer staining technology have allowed reliable direct ex vivo visualization of antigen-specific CD4 T cells. In order to define the frequency and phenotype of a prototype response to a nonpersistent pathogen, we have used such techniques to analyze influenza virus-specific memory CD4 T cells directly from blood. These responses are stably detectable ex vivo at low frequencies (range, 0.00012 to 0.0061% of CD4 T cells) and display a distinct “central memory” CD62L+ phenotype.

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Proteomics Analysis of Three Different Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis under In vitro Hypoxia and Evaluation of Hypoxia Associated Antigen’s Specific Memory T Cells in Healthy Household Contacts

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2016.01275 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Santhi Devasundaram ◽

Akilandeswari Gopalan ◽

Sulochana D. Das ◽

Alamelu Raja

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Memory T Cells ◽

Proteomics Analysis ◽

Household Contacts ◽

Specific Memory ◽

Different Strains

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Contribution of Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells to Protective Immunity Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Their Impact on Vaccine Design

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens8030147 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 147 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Retamal-Díaz ◽

Covián ◽

Pacheco ◽

Castiglione-Matamala ◽

Bueno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Memory T Cells ◽

Effector Memory ◽

Memory Cells ◽

Effective Immune Response ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Tract Infections

Worldwide, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common etiological agent for acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI). RSV-ALRI is the major cause of hospital admissions in young children, and it can cause in-hospital deaths in children younger than six months old. Therefore, RSV remains one of the pathogens deemed most important for the generation of a vaccine. On the other hand, the effectiveness of a vaccine depends on the development of immunological memory against the pathogenic agent of interest. This memory is achieved by long-lived memory T cells, based on the establishment of an effective immune response to viral infections when subsequent exposures to the pathogen take place. Memory T cells can be classified into three subsets according to their expression of lymphoid homing receptors: central memory cells (TCM), effector memory cells (TEM) and resident memory T cells (TRM). The latter subset consists of cells that are permanently found in non-lymphoid tissues and are capable of recognizing antigens and mounting an effective immune response at those sites. TRM cells activate both innate and adaptive immune responses, thus establishing a robust and rapid response characterized by the production of large amounts of effector molecules. TRM cells can also recognize antigenically unrelated pathogens and trigger an innate-like alarm with the recruitment of other immune cells. It is noteworthy that this rapid and effective immune response induced by TRM cells make these cells an interesting aim in the design of vaccination strategies in order to establish TRM cell populations to prevent respiratory infectious diseases. Here, we discuss the biogenesis of TRM cells, their contribution to the resolution of respiratory viral infections and the induction of TRM cells, which should be considered for the rational design of new vaccines against RSV.

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