Prevalence and Risk Behaviors of Hong Kong Males Who Seek Cross-Border Same-Sex Partners in Mainland China

The year 1949 was a great divide in modern Chinese history. How Shanghai bankers responded to it is an interesting question to address. For those bankers who chose to leave Shanghai and settle in British Hong Kong, can we suppose they were permanently separated from China or Taiwan? It is generally assumed that once the Shanghai bankers confined themselves to their new home in Hong Kong or moved on to other locations in the United States or elsewhere, they immediately severed all ties with either mainland China under the ccp (Chinese Communist Party) or Taiwan under the kmt (Kuomintang or Guomindang). Such an assumption leads to a mistaken argument that the departure of Chinese bankers from Shanghai cut short their involvements in China politics. Perhaps it is true that some emigrant bankers never returned, but others remained in touch with their home in China, whether because they were solicited by the agents who were sent to the colony by the ccp in China and the kmt in Taiwan, or, because they took the initiative in reaching across the borders to mainland China or Taiwan. From their sanctuary in Hong Kong, how did the bankers conduct cross-border relations after 1949? This paper will go beyond the general assumption that the Shanghai bankers turned to Hong Kong solely for the colony’s being a sanctuary during the political and economic turmoil of the 1940s. Instead, these bankers continued to engage in political confrontation to the ccp and the kmt after they fled Shanghai. This paper argues that once they were in the colony, they had to address several problems. These included, first, to choose their final destination in either Shanghai, Hong Kong or Taipei; second, whether to continue or quit their banking careers and thirdly, to find a solution in order to counteract the alignment with either the ccp or the kmt. 1949年是中國近代史的分水嶺，上海銀行家對面對動盪不安的局勢會作出怎樣的回應，是一個很值得討論的問題。一旦銀行家選擇離開上海，轉移到英屬香港，他們就可完全脫離國共內戰的地理範疇──中國大陸或臺灣嗎？一般的研究無不認為已從香港轉移到香港的上海銀行家，目的為遠離包括在大陸執政的中國共產黨或撤退至臺灣的國民黨。本文指出，這樣的設想是對當時處於動盪政治經濟局勢的上海銀行家的錯誤理解。事實上，當時是有一部份從上海撤離的銀行家並不願意再被捲入政治，但是有更多已在境外的銀行家，透過自己在國共兩黨的代表，與中國大陸或臺灣保持緊密之聯繫，也有許多銀行家是主動地發展出跨境的管道來維持與中國大陸或臺灣的關係。值得探討的是，1949年之後，這些以英屬香港為基地的跨境聯繫是如何運作的呢？本文探討1940年代末在中國變動的政治與經濟局勢下，香港不僅為離開上海的銀行家提供一個安全的庇護所，同時更是這些銀行家在離開上海後繼續面對中國共產黨和國民黨，進行各種活動的最重要境外基地。本文指出這些上海銀行家在移居香港之際所要面對的諸多問題。首先，如何在上海、香港和臺北三地之間作出選擇，哪裏是他們最佳的落腳處？其次，是否要繼續和如何維持銀行的業務？最後，應如何因應中國共產黨和中國國民黨向他們的統戰而作出適當的反應？ (This article is in English).

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Integrations, identity and conflicts: A cross-border perspective on residential relocation of Hong Kong citizens to Mainland China

Habitat International ◽

10.1016/j.habitatint.2010.04.004 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 74-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Eddie Chi Man Hui ◽

Francis Kwan Wah Wong ◽

Si Ming Li ◽

Ka Hung Yu

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Mainland China ◽

Residential Relocation ◽

Cross Border

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Hong Kong creative workers in mainland China: The aspirational, the precarious, and the ethical

China Information ◽

10.1177/0920203x16679063 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 43-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yiu Fai Chow

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Mainland China ◽

Creative Industries ◽

Cross Border ◽

The People ◽

Career Opportunities ◽

Creative Workers ◽

Made In China ◽

Made In ◽

Do So

China took up the discourses and agenda of creative industries increasingly in the first post-millennium decade. Amidst the attempt to turn from ‘made in China’ to ‘created in China’, would the translation of the creativity discourse usher in a better society in China? This article serves as one of the probing steps to ascertain what creativity enables and disables in China. I do so in an inquiry that departs from existing scholarship on two aspects. First, it follows a regional, cross-border labour flow. Second, it focuses on the people in the frontline of creative work. My study draws on the experiences of 12 Hong Kong creative workers who moved to Shanghai and Beijing. Their translocal and transcultural encounters allowed me to trace and foreground the particularities of creative practices in China. Like many fellow creative workers, my informants moved north to pursue better career opportunities. But they also wanted to do something more. Some of them managed to do so. At the same time, their stories were punctuated with disappointments, frustrations and continuous adjustments, categorized into what I call the precarious and the ethical. The findings of this inquiry pose questions on the hypothesis, the hype and the hope of creativity in China.

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The Politics of Cross-Border Crime in Greater China: Case Studies of Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macao. Sonny Shiu-Hing Lo

The China Journal ◽

10.1086/tcj.63.20749219 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 63 ◽

pp. 197-200

Author(s):

Børge Bakken

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Case Studies ◽

Mainland China ◽

Greater China ◽

Cross Border

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Making ways for ‘better education’: Placing the Shenzhen-Hong Kong mobility industry

Urban Studies ◽

10.1177/00420980211042716 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 004209802110427

Author(s):

Maggi WH Leung ◽

Johanna L Waters ◽

Yunyun Qin

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Mainland China ◽

Media Analysis ◽

Border Region ◽

Business Networks ◽

Cross Border ◽

Two Cities ◽

Mobility System ◽

And Control

Tens of thousands of children living on Mainland China cross the border between Shenzhen and Hong Kong for a ‘better education’ every day. A well-oiled industry is in place to manage, facilitate and control this education mobility field. It involves schools, diverse businesses and non-governmental organisations that, in articulation with the Chinese and Hong Kong states, stimulate and regulate the movement of people, materialities, ideas and practices. Drawing on our fieldwork and media analysis, this paper unpacks the transurban mobility industry to illustrate the role of the various players and how they work in conjunction to facilitate cross-border schooling, especially among the very young children. We map out and visualise with photos the workings of the schools, buses, escorts, tutoring centres, day care and boarding houses. We show how the mobility industry, intersecting with other business networks and mobility systems, links Shenzhen and Hong Kong, taking and making places in these cities, especially in the border region. Our paper illustrates the role of this mobility industry in the making of the political-economy and socio-culture of the border area, which constantly connects, divides and redefines the two cities and regions it bridges. We end with some reflections on the implications of the recent political challenges and COVID-19 pandemic on this cross-border education mobility system.

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TAXATION AND ITS IMPLICATION ON CROSS-BORDER PROFITS OF MANUFACTURING BUSINESSES IN HONG KONG

Journal of Enterprising Culture ◽

10.1142/s021849589600023x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 04 (04) ◽

pp. 401-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

DANIEL K C CHEUNG ◽

SAMUEL Y S CHAN ◽

ISABELLA S K LAM

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Lower Cost ◽

Rank Order ◽

Mainland China ◽

Negative Association ◽

Tax Base ◽

Foreign Investors ◽

The Public ◽

Cross Border ◽

Business Operations

As Hong Kong manufacturers accelerate to shift their operations to China and cease or contract. Their operations in Hong Kong, many of them are taking advantage of the limitation of a source jurisdiction to team up with Chinese companies and escape the Hong Kong tax net. This relocation exercise of their manufacturing base not only allows the Hong Kong manufacturers to enjoy the preferential tax concessions for foreign investors and lower cost of production in mainland China, but also depletes the public coffers to the Hong Kong Government. We therefore postulate two hypotheses: (1) there is a negative association between the business operations in China and those in Hong Kong, and (2) there is a negative association between the business operations in China and the related Hong Kong profits tax liability. A questionnaire survey was carried out to collect data on the level of activities in both China and Hong Kong, in particular data from Hong Kong manufacturers on their Hong Kong profits tax liability. Spearman’s rank-order correlation analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The result supports that the higher the level of business operations in China, the lower the level of business operations in Hong Kong. It also reveals that the higher the level of business operations in China, the lower the related Hong Kong profits tax liability. The issue of tax base erosion is a case for Hong Kong to review its principle of taxing only profits locally generated.

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Mapping the Cultural Identities of Youths in Hong Kong from a Social Capital Perspective

Social Sciences ◽

10.3390/socsci9110205 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 205

Author(s):

Qiaobing Wu ◽

Ying Ou ◽

Lucy P. Jordan

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Hong Kong ◽

Cultural Values ◽

Immigrant Students ◽

Mainland China ◽

Cultural Identities ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cross Border ◽

Local Students

With its unique geopolitical status and multicultural setting, Hong Kong has harbored different youth groups generated from cross-border migration with mainland China who are tied to different cultural values and identifications. This study aims to investigate how social capital embedded in the family, school, and community influences the cultural identities across three groups of Chinese youths in the educational system: local students; cross-border students (born in Hong Kong, living in the neighbor city of mainland China but attending schools in Hong Kong on daily commute); and new immigrant students (born in mainland China but living in Hong Kong for less than seven years). Using data from a cross-sectional survey with 2180 fourth- to ninth-grade students in Hong Kong, the logistic regression results suggest that family and community social capital play significant roles in shaping the cultural identity of youths. Implications of the research findings are discussed.

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