Arthur James Cain. 25 July 1921 — 20 August 1999

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Bryan C. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Thought ◽  
The 1950S

Arthur Cain was a polymath, and one of Britain's leading evolutionary biologists. A strong believer in, and advocate for, the importance of natural selection, he greatly influenced evolutionary thought during the period from the 1950s to the 1980s. He wrote important papers in many areas of biology, and he was a noted historian of science.

scholarly journals Arthur Schopenhauer and the Current Conception of the Origin of Species: What Did the Philosopher Anticipate?

SAGE Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824401983746
Author(s):  
Trino Baptista ◽  
Elis Aldana ◽  
Charles I. Abramson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Arthur Schopenhauer ◽  
Current Conception ◽  
Biological Individual ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
Evolutionary Thought ◽  
Gradual Evolution ◽  
Natural Drift

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) was deeply influenced by Plato and conceived each species as an Idea, whose shape is essentially and permanently predetermined. He rejected Lamarck’s proposal of organ’s use/disuse as a source of evolution, but he was close to the orthogenetic movement that developed after his death. The philosopher did not conceive biological individual variability as a source for evolution, mathematical population analysis, and gradual evolution; he even imagined an ultra-rapid saltatory model in “higher forms.” Moreover, he conceived a metaphysically based coupling among all phenomena which resembles the contemporary model of natural drift of evolution. Hence, Schopenhauer did not strictly anticipate Darwin’s model of natural selection. However, he expressed in his own words competition and struggle for life. The philosopher thus anticipated more the orthogenesis and natural drift and less the Darwinian’s mechanisms of evolution than what is generally alleged. His work is a valuable philosophical source in the contemporary search for a new synthesis in evolutionary thought.

The Interface Between Physical Anthropology and Medical Genetics

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 10-12
Author(s):  
Charles Hoff
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Physical Anthropology ◽  
Medical Genetics ◽  
Scientific Rigor ◽  
The 1950S

By the 1950s, revolutionary advances in the basic biological sciences began to have a significant impact on the theory, methods, scientific rigor and scope of physical anthropology. The first of these was the development of Neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory which integrated Medelian genetics, Pearsonian biometrics, evolution by mutation, drift and natural selection, and incorporated these and other genetic concepts into a unified quantitative evolutionary model.

Social Behavior and Evolutionary Thought

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A.R. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Price Equation ◽  
Inclusive Fitness Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Thought ◽  
Multilevel Selection Theory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Evolutionary Explanations

This book demonstrates the generality of inclusive fitness theory, with particular emphasis on its fundamental evolutionary logic. It presents the basic mathematical theory of natural selection and shows how inclusive fitness theory deals with more complicated social scenarios. Topics include the Price equation, Hamilton's rule, nonadditive interactions, conditional behaviors, heritability, and maximization of inclusive fitness. This chapter provides a brief historical introduction to the problem of apparent design in biology, evolutionary explanations of this, and in particular, evolutionary explanations of individual behaviors that appear designed to benefit not the individual themselves, but other members of their species. It examines how social behaviors can be shaped by natural selection and discusses the problem of providing an evolutionary explanation of self-sacrifice by individuals, altruism in group selection, and multilevel selection theory.

Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823–1913)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara G. Beddall
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
South American ◽  
Malay Archipelago ◽  
Evolutionary Thought

Co-discoverer with Charles Darwin of the theory of natural selection, Wallace travelled to the Amazon in 1848. Four years of collecting specimens there for sale in Europe revealed patterns of geographical distribution among animals. Unfortunately, much of his South American collection was lost in a fire at sea during the voyage home, which forced him to begin his collecting anew. This led to eight more years of travel (1854–62), this time in the Malay Archipelago, where he made his own momentous discovery of the theory of natural selection in 1858. An exceptionally clear thinker, he made many valuable contributions to evolutionary thought.

scholarly journals Selección natural y construcción de nicho: una ¿dialéctica? evolucionista

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan R. Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Niche Construction ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Selection Theory ◽  
Niche Construction Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Thought ◽  
Transformation Processes ◽  
Natural Selection Theory

RESUMENEn el marco del pensamiento evolucionista de los últimos treinta años, la teoría de construcción de nicho ha ido abriéndose paso como una perspectiva opuesta a y complementaria de la teoría de la selección natural en la explicación del proceso evolutivo. El planteamiento que sigue aborda su oposición como un proceso de combinación de principios ecológicos (restrictivos) y técnicos (transformadores) que tienden un puente entre ciencias biológicas y ciencias humanas, basado en una analogía de la técnica que se naturaliza en procesos de trasformación en que los organismos «se trabajan» sus ambientes.PALABRAS CLAVECONSTRUCCIÓN DE NICHO, DIALÉCTICA, ECOLOGÍA, TÉCNICA, SELECCIÓN NATURALABSTRACTWithin the frame of evolutionary thought during the last thirty years, niche construction theory has been gaining ground as an opposed and complementary outlook regarding natural selection theory in the explanation of evolution. The following approach construes their opposition as a combination of ecologic (restrictive) and technologic (transformational) principles that serve as a bridge between biological and human sciences, based on an analogy with technology that is naturalized in terms of transformation processes wherein organisms «do their work on» their environments.KEYWORDSDIALECTICS, ECOLOGY, NATURAL SELECTION, NICHE CONSTRUCTION, TECHNOLOGY

scholarly journals Yan Fu's Unfaithful Translation of Thomas Huxley's 'Evolution and Ethics'

Linguaculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-174
Author(s):  
Qi Yuhan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
National Crisis ◽  
Evolutionary Thought ◽  
Yan Fu ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
The Relationship

This paper analyses Yan Fu’s translation of the title and the key terms in Thomas Huxley’s Evolution and Ethics and shows that his unfaithfulness was mainly due to his personal intention to inspire the Chinese people to fight against foreign enemies and the feudal system in late nineteenth-century China. In his famous The Heavenly Theory of Evolution, the translation of Evolution and Ethics, Yan Fu added the traditional Chinese value of ‘heaven’ by translating ‘evolution’ as ‘heavenly evolution’ in order to make Darwin’s theory more acceptable and easier to understand by target readers. When he translated terms such as ‘competition’ and ‘natural selection’, Yan Fu borrowed the slogan of the Westernizing reform to explain the relationship linking evolution, competition and selection. Yan Fu wanted to arouse people’s attention to the theory of evolution and hoped they would use evolutionary thought as a theoretical weapon to save themselves and the country from a national crisis. His unfaithful translation appealed to the scholars to make them spread the theory through their social influence.

scholarly journals The Illusions of the Modern Synthesis

Biosemiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Noble
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Dna Replication ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Double Helix ◽  
Modern Synthesis ◽  
Central Dogma ◽  
Inheritance Of Acquired Characteristics ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Weismann Barrier

AbstractThe Modern Synthesis has dominated biology for 80 years. It was formulated in 1942, a decade before the major achievements of molecular biology, including the Double Helix and the Central Dogma. When first formulated in the 1950s these discoveries and concepts seemed initially to completely justify the central genetic assumptions of the Modern Synthesis. The Double Helix provided the basis for highly accurate DNA replication, while the Central Dogma was viewed as supporting the Weismann Barrier, so excluding the inheritance of acquired characteristics. This article examines the language of the Modern Synthesis and reveals that it is based on four important misinterpretations of what molecular biology had shown, so forming the basis of the four Illusions: 1. Natural Selection; 2. The Weismann Barrier; 3. The Rejection of Darwin’s Gemmules; 4. The Central Dogma. A multi-level organisation view of biology avoids these illusions through the principle of biological relativity. Molecular biology does not therefore confirm the assumptions of the Modern Synthesis.

scholarly journals Charles Darwin, an evolutionary scientist

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 344-347
Author(s):  
H. B. Humeniuk ◽  
I. B. Chen ◽  
O. S. Voloshyn
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Synthetic Theory ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Thought ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Common Ancestors

Charles Robert Darwin is an English naturalist, geologist and biologist. He was one of the first to realize and clearly demonstrated that all living organisms evolved over time from common ancestors. The main driving force of evolution was called natural selection and uncertain variability. The existence of evolution was recognized by most scientists during the life of Charles Darwin, while his theory of natural selection, as the main explanation of evolution, became universally recognized only in the 30’s of the XX century. The ideas and discoveries of Charles Darwin, in a revised form, form the foundation of a modern synthetic theory of evolution and form the basis of biology, providing a logical explanation for biodiversity. Orthodox followers of Darwin’s teachings develop the direction of the evolutionary thought bearing his name Darwinism. Keywords: evolution, natural selection, uncertain variability, theory, biodiversity.

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