scholarly journals Geoffrey Raisman. 28 June 1939—27 January 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 341-355
Author(s):  
James Fawcett
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Axon Regeneration ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Human Spinal Cord ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Spinal Cord Repair ◽  
The Brain

Geoffrey Raisman was a neuroscientist whose particular love was the microanatomy and ultrastructure of the nervous system. From his anatomical studies came discoveries in synaptic plasticity, neuroendocrinology, axon regeneration, spinal cord repair and glaucoma. His studies of the anatomy of synapses after denervation led to his concept of plasticity, where synapses compete for targets and can replace those that are lost. This discovery persuaded him, against the dominant view of the time, that some repair of the damaged nervous system should be possible. His studies of the events following damage to the nervous system led to the pathway hypothesis; axon regeneration is blocked by scar tissue formed of glial cells around injuries. Finding that the newly born olfactory neurons that are created throughout life grow axons into the brain with the assistance of specialized olfactory glia, he realized that these glial cells might also assist regenerating axons to bridge the scar tissue blocking axon regeneration. Preliminary trials of this treatment in human spinal cord injuries have shown some clinical promise. He recently developed a new energy theory of glaucoma.

Plasticity in the Regenerating Nervous System of the Lamprey, a “Simple” Vertebrate

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Rodemer ◽  
Jianli Hu ◽  
Michael E. Selzer
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Axon Regeneration ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Human Spinal Cord ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Face ◽  
Descending Input ◽  
Severed Axons

Human spinal cord injury (SCI) results in long-lasting disabilities due to the failure of damaged neurons to regenerate. The barriers to axon regeneration in mammalian central nervous system (CNS) are so great, and the anatomy so complex that incremental changes in regeneration brought about by pharmacological or molecular manipulations can be difficult to demonstrate. By contrast, lampreys recover functionally after a complete spinal cord transection (TX), based on regeneration of severed axons, even though lampreys share the basic organization of the mammalian CNS, including many of the same molecular barriers to regeneration. And because the regeneration is incomplete, it can be studied by manipulations designed to either inhibit or enhance it. In the face of reduced descending input, recovery of swimming and other locomotor functions must be accompanied by compensatory remodeling throughout the CNS, as would be required for functional recovery in mammals. For such studies, lampreys have significant advantages. They have several large, identified reticulospinal (RS) neurons, whose regenerative abilities have been individually quantified. Other large neurons and axons are visible in the spinal cord and can be impaled with microelectrodes under direct microscopic vision. The central pattern generator for locomotion is exceptionally well-defined, and is subject to significant neuromodulation. Finally, the lamprey genome has been sequenced, so that molecular homologs of human genes can be identified and cloned. Because of these advantages, the lamprey spinal cord has been a fertile source of information about the biology of axon regeneration in the vertebrate CNS, and has the potential to serve as a test bed for the investigation of novel therapeutic approaches to SCI and other CNS injuries.

Spinal Cord Injuries the Facts of Neuropathology: Opportunities and Limitations

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron A Kakulas
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Wallerian Degeneration ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Human Spinal Cord ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cord Injury

It is essential for research projects which are undertaken to find a “cure” for human spinal cord injury (SCI) to be consistent with the neuropathological facts of the disorder. In this respect there are three main points to be taken into account. Firstly, the researcher should be aware that simple transection of the spinal cord is not a feature of human SCI. The usual lesion is one of compression and disruption with haemorrhage. The second and most important aspect of human SCI is to understand that Wallerian degeneration inevitably ensues following disruption of the axon. Wallerian degeneration is progressive and inexorable and unlike the peripheral nervous system CNS axons do not regenerate. The third and more helpful fact is that in the majority (71%) of SCI autopsies a small amount of white matter, myelin and axons, was found to be preserved at the level of injury. Re-activation of these dormant, axons offers the opportunity for improvement of the SCI patient’s neurological status by means of restorative neurology (RN).

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

Some Points in the Histology of Lymphogenous and Hæmatogenous Toxic Lesions of the Spinal Cord

1908 ◽  
Vol 54 (226) ◽  
pp. 560-561
Author(s):  
David Orr ◽  
R. G. Rows
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Morphological Type ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Tabes Dorsalis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

At a quarterly meeting of this Association held last year at Nottingham, we showed the results of our experiments with toxins upon the spinal cord and brain of rabbits. Our main conclusion was, that the central nervous system could be infected by toxins passing up along the lymph channels of the perineural sheath. The method we employed in our experiments consisted in placing a celloidin capsule filled with a broth culture of an organism under the sciatic nerve or under the skin of the cheek; and we invariably found a resulting degeneration in the spinal cord or brain, according to the situation of the capsule. These lesions we found to be identical in morphological type and anatomical distribution with those found in the cord of early tabes dorsalis and in the brain and cord of general paralysis of the insane. The conclusion suggested by our work was that these two diseases, if toxic, were most probably infections of lymphogenous origin.

Ten Million and One—Neurological Disability as a National Problem

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 871-872
Author(s):  
ERIC DENHOFF
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
New York ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Neurological Disability ◽  
The Brain

This monograph summarizes the results of the Conference on Neurological Disability as a National Problem held at Arden House, Harriman, New York, in December, 1955. It was attended by more than 50 highly qualified specialists with various interests in the field who met to explore the realistic possibilities of meeting the problems posed by more than 10 million patients suffering from more than 300 clinical entities loosely grouped together as "neurologic disabilities." Neurologic disabilities are defined as those disorders which are associated demonstrably with dysfunction, disease, or injury of the nervous system, the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral neuromuscular connections.

scholarly journals Book Review : NEUROTRAUMA AND CRITICAL CARE OF THE BRAIN

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Septian Dewi Periska
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Prehospital Care ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Guideline Recommendation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Care Outcome

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the leading cause of death and disability. TBI and spinal cord injuries have impacts on patients life, their families and also to the comunity. This edition retained the book structure of the first edition with emphasis in critical care and also it offers review the updated guideline recommendation. A review gives the reader not only summary of the content but also a critical assesment about the content. Additionally, this book gives the reader content about a brief review of a basic ethical framework. The concern is not only about science but also about prehospital care, critical care, outcome, ethical issue, prevention and sosioeconomic.

Neurosurgery nursing

2020 ◽  
pp. 279-352
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
Deep Brain Stimulator ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Vagal Nerve Stimulator ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
The Brain

Neurosurgery describes the surgical treatment and management of various disease processes that target the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. The specialty is wide and varied as increasing numbers of neurological conditions can now be improved following neurosurgery; for example, some types of epilepsy respond to the insertion of a vagal nerve stimulator, Parkinson’s disease symptoms can be diminished with a deep brain stimulator, and intractable back pain may be improved following spinal surgery. Practitioners must be equipped with the knowledge and skills to care for these patients and meet their immediate and long-term needs.

Symptoms, Related Brain Regions, and Diagnosis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric Ahlskog
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

As a prelude to the treatment chapters that follow, we need to define and describe the types of problems and symptoms encountered in DLB and PDD. The clinical picture can be quite varied: problems encountered by one person may be quite different from those encountered by another person, and symptoms that are problematic in one individual may be minimal in another. In these disorders, the Lewy neurodegenerative process potentially affects certain nervous system regions but spares others. Affected areas include thinking and memory circuits, as well as movement (motor) function and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates primary functions such as bladder, bowel, and blood pressure control. Many other brain regions, by contrast, are spared or minimally involved, such as vision and sensation. The brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system. The interface between the brain and spinal cord is by way of the brain stem, as shown in Figure 4.1. Thought, memory, and reasoning are primarily organized in the thick layers of cortex overlying lower brain levels. Volitional movements, such as writing, throwing, or kicking, also emanate from the cortex and integrate with circuits just below, including those in the basal ganglia, shown in Figure 4.2. The basal ganglia includes the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra, as illustrated in Figure 4.2. Movement information is integrated and modulated in these basal ganglia nuclei and then transmitted down the brain stem to the spinal cord. At spinal cord levels the correct sequence of muscle activation that has been programmed is accomplished. Activated nerves from appropriate regions of the spinal cord relay the signals to the proper muscles. Sensory information from the periphery (limbs) travels in the opposite direction. How are these signals transmitted? Brain cells called neurons have long, wire-like extensions that interface with other neurons, effectively making up circuits that are slightly similar to computer circuits; this is illustrated in Figure 4.3. At the end of these wire-like extensions are tiny enlargements (terminals) that contain specific biological chemicals called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are released when the electrical signal travels down that neuron to the end of that wire-like process.

Neurodevelopment

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Karl Zilles ◽  
Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Plate ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specialized Region ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rostral Part ◽  
Human Nervous System

The pre- and post-natal development of the human nervous system is briefly described, with special emphasis on the brain, particularly the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. The central nervous system originates from a specialized region of the ectoderm—the neural plate—which develops into the neural tube. The rostral part of the neural tube forms the adult brain, whereas the caudal part (behind the fifth somite) differentiates into the spinal cord. The embryonic brain has three vesicular enlargements: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. The histogenesis of the spinal cord, hindbrain, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex, including myelination, is discussed. The chapter closes with a description of the development of the hemispheric shape and the formation of gyri.

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