scholarly journals Networks of influence and infection: parental choices and childhood disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (38) ◽  
pp. 811-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken T. D. Eames

Clusters of unvaccinated individuals are at risk of outbreaks of infection. When an individual's decision to choose vaccination is influenced by the choices of his social group, such clusters can readily arise. However, when the interactions that influence decision-making and those that permit the transmission of infection are different—for instance, when parents make vaccination decisions on behalf of their children—it is unclear how large the impact of this social influence will be. Here we use a modelling approach to represent social influence within a network of parents and the transmission of infection through a network of children. We show that the effect of social influence depends on the amount of overlap between the two different networks; large overlap means that clusters of parents who choose not to vaccinate are likely to have interacting children, generating clusters of unvaccinated children. Spatially local connections can further increase the impact of social influence. Outbreaks are most likely when parents who do not vaccinate have children who interact.

ECA Sinergia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Jairo Isaac Mendoza García ◽  
Mercedes Véliz Valencia

  La investigación de mercados resulta beneficiosa en diversas situaciones; sin embargo, la decisión de realizarla no es automática, esta decisión debe sustentarse en consideraciones previas de muchos aspectos, entre los cuales se puede mencionar, la comparación entre costos y beneficios, los recursos disponibles para realizarla y para llevarla a la práctica, así como la actitud de la gerencia hacia su realización. Por lo cual, debería efectuarse cuando el valor de la información que se genera, supera los costos de llevarla a cabo. Cuanto más importante sea la decisión frente a la que se enfrenta la administración y mayor sea la incertidumbre o el riesgo que ésta implica, mayor será el valor de la información obtenida. La investigación de mercados, suele realizarse, por empresas comerciales que son organizaciones independientes (proveedores externos) o departamentos dentro de las corporaciones (proveedores internos). La motivación en las utilidades en ocasiones hace que los investigadores o los clientes pongan en riesgo la objetividad o profesionalismo asociados con el proceso. Como investigadores, esto despierta nuestro interés y mediante encuestas realizadas en varias empresas dentro de la provincia de Manabí, se pretende dar a conocer el impacto que genera la investigación de mercados en la toma de decisiones por la gerencia, es decir, una vez realizado un análisis previo de la situación de la empresa, cuán importante es aplicar o no aplicar la investigación de mercados.   Palabras clave: Planificación, análisis, empresas, consumidores, competencia, estrategias.   ABSTRACT Market research is beneficial in various situations; however, the decision to make it is not automatic, this decision must be based on previous considerations of many aspects, among which we can mention, the comparison between costs and benefits, the resources available to carry it out and to put it into practice, as well as the attitude of management towards its realization. Therefore, it should be done when the value of the information generated, exceeds the costs of carrying it out. The more important the decision faced by management and the greater the uncertainty or the risk involved, the greater the value of the information obtained. Market research is usually carried out by commercial companies that are independent organizations (external suppliers) or departments within corporations (internal suppliers). Motivation in profits sometimes causes researchers or clients to put at risk the objectivity or professionalism associated with the process. As researchers, this arouses our interest and through surveys carried out in several companies within the province of Manabí, it aims to publicize the impact that generates the market research in decision making by the management, namely, once a previous analysis of the situation of the company, how important it is to apply or not to apply market research.   Key words: Planning, analysis, companies, consumers, competition, strategies.


2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 941-956
Author(s):  
Wijnand AP van Tilburg ◽  
Nikhila Mahadevan

We examined the impact of viewing exemplars on people’s behaviour in risky decision-making environments. Specifically, we tested if people disproportionally choose to view and then imitate the behaviour of successful (vs. unsuccessful) others, which in the case of risky decision-making increases risk-taking and can hamper performance. In doing so, our research tested how a fundamental social psychological process (social influence) interacts with a fundamental statistical phenomenon (regression to the mean) to produce biases in decision-making. Experiment 1 ( N = 96) showed that people indeed model their own behaviour after that of a successful exemplar, resulting in more risky behaviour and poorer outcomes. Experiment 2 ( N = 208) indicated that people disproportionately choose to examine and then imitate most successful versus least successful exemplars. Experiment 3 ( N = 381) replicated Experiment 2 in a context where participants were offered the freedom to examine any possible exemplar, or no exemplar whatsoever, and across different incentive conditions. The results have implications for decision-making in a broad range of social contexts, such as education, health, and finances where risk-taking can have detrimental outcomes, and they may be particularly helpful to understand the role of social influence in gambling behaviour.


Author(s):  
Kritika Kongsompong

The impact of peoples orientation with regard to Collectivism/Individualism and to Locus of Control on the extent to which they are subject to social influence has never been investigated cross culturally in the context of consumer behavior in making purchasing decisions. The objective of this research is to compare the cultural orientations of people in the East and West, and to observe the effect of social influence in their decision making. In particular, this paper examines and adds evidence to the mutually exclusive cultures: Singapore, Thailand, Australia, and America. Hofstedes typology of cultures is reconfirmed and empirically associated with specific social influence variables on decision making. The findings provide either whole or partial supports for the hypotheses. In general, high collectivism is positively related with external locus of control and results in high level of social influence. There are exceptions, however, which highlight the need to incorporate other factors into understanding the role that cultural orientation plays in decision making.


Author(s):  
Eugine Tafadzwa Maziriri ◽  
Miston Mapuranga ◽  
Justice Mushwana ◽  
Nkosivile Welcome Madinga

<p class="0abstract">In today’s postmodern era, there is phenomenal growth in the use of smartphones, GPS as well as Internet. This has given a rise to a revolution in the business world and the revolution is focused on conducting business on the move usually by mobile commerce applications. The study sought to determine the impact of perceived convenience, facilitation conditions, social influence and price value on the intention to the use an Uber application.  A quantitative methodology was utilised and the research concentrated specifically on consumers, located in the Johannesburg area and using of a non-probability convenience sample. A self-administered questionnaire was designed based on the scales used in previous studies. The statistical data analysis procedures utilised for the quantitative study were descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, reliability analysis, structural equation modelling approach by means of the partial least squares structural equation modelling approach. The hypotheses testing results revealed that the intention to use an Uber application was influenced significantly and positively by perceived convenience, facilitation conditions, social influence and price value.  The study authenticates those factors such as perceived convenience, facilitating conditions, social influence and price value are instrumental in stimulating the intention to use the Uber application. Lastly, based on the findings of this study, limitations were discussed along with the recommendations and concluding remarks.</p>


2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Dryden Henningsen ◽  
Mary Lynn Miller Henningsen

Group decision making in organizations represents an opportunity for group members to seek to exert social influence. Whining and bullying are examined as nonrational influence tactics used by individuals in groups. Both tactics are envisioned as forms of aggression, differing across a dominance—submissiveness continuum. The impact of whining and bullying as compliance gaining tactics for organizational group decision making is examined using 234 individuals whose jobs include group decision making in organizations. The use of bullying and whining tactics are positively correlated indicating dominance complementarity, with increases in one tactic being associated with increases in the other. In addition, bullying and whining are found to have negative effects on cohesiveness and group decision-making effectiveness.


2009 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 553-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli Pettit ◽  
Mary Ellen Swatske ◽  
Feng Gao ◽  
Lorena Salavaggione ◽  
William E. Gillanders ◽  
...  

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 273-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEBASTIANO A. DELRE ◽  
THIJS L. J. BROEKHUIZEN ◽  
WANDER JAGER

In this paper we investigate the degree to which two social influences, namely imitation and coordinated consumption, effectuate inequalities in the motion picture industry. We develop an agent-based model based on micro movie visitors' decision-making that generates the observed macro market outcomes. The simulation model makes use of the findings of an empirical survey amongst 1112 cinema visitors. We find that social influences explain market inequalities and that the impact of coordinated consumption on market inequalities is stronger than the impact of imitation.


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