scholarly journals Travel in city road networks follows similar transport trade-off principles to neural and plant arbors

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (154) ◽  
pp. 20190041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Y. Suen ◽  
Saket Navlakha
Keyword(s):  
Pareto Optimality ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Road ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Plant Shoots

Both engineered and biological transportation networks face trade-offs in their design. Network users desire to quickly get from one location in the network to another, whereas network planners need to minimize costs in building infrastructure. Here, we use the theory of Pareto optimality to study this design trade-off in the road networks of 101 cities, with wide-ranging population sizes, land areas and geographies. Using a simple one parameter trade-off function, we find that most cities lie near the Pareto front and are significantly closer to the front than expected by alternate design structures. To account for other optimization dimensions or constraints that may be important (e.g. traffic congestion, geography), we performed a higher-order Pareto optimality analysis and found that most cities analysed lie within a region of design space bounded by only four archetypal cities. The trade-offs studied here are also faced and well-optimized by two biological transport networks—neural arbors in the brain and branching architectures of plant shoots—suggesting similar design principles across some biological and engineered transport systems.

scholarly journals Analysis of Traffic Evolution on Road Networks of a Roundabout

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Tolesa Hundesa Muleta ◽  
Legesse Lemecha Obsu
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Traffic Dynamics ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Detailed Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Control Traffic

In this paper, the analyses of traffic evolution on the road network of a roundabout having three entrances and three exiting legs are conducted from macroscopic point of view. The road networks of roundabouts are modeled as a merging and diverging types 1×2 and 2×1 junctions. To study traffic evolution at junction, two cases have been considered, namely, demand and supply limited cases. In each case, detailed mathematical analysis and numerical tests have been presented. The analysis in the case of demand limited showed that rarefaction wave fills the portion of the road network in time. In the contrary, in supply limited case, traffic congestion occurs at merging junctions and shock wave propagating back results in reducing the performance of a roundabout to control traffic dynamics. Also, we illustrate density and flux profiles versus space discretization at different time steps via numerical simulation with the help of Godunov scheme.

scholarly journals MAPPING AND ASSESSMENT OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION ON MAJOR ROADS IN MINNA (CASE STUDY OF CHANCHAGA L.G.A)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluibukun Gbenga Ajayi ◽  
Ayodeji Timothy Oluwunmi ◽  
Joseph Olayemi Odumosu ◽  
Taiwo James Adewale
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Urban Centre ◽  
Pavement Condition ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Narrow Road ◽  
Road Corridors

The level of urbanization in the developing world indicates that more people live in cities now than before. As urbanization increases, road usage also increases proportionately which sometimes introduce some strain to the existing road and as a consequence constitutes some impediments to free traffic flow. The situation described above is on the increase in Chanchaga Local Government Area of Niger State, an urban centre in North Central, Nigeria. In order to investigate the probable causes and degree of severity of this menace, an attempt has been made in this research to investigate and map out the nature of traffic congestion frequently experienced on some selected roads within Chanchaga LGA. These road networks include Kpakungun - Gidan Kwano road, Bosso-Mobil route, Bosso – Mekunkele route, Kpakungun – city gate road and Book roundabout – Mobil Route. Using a 1m Pan-Sharpened spatial resolution IKONOS Image, handheld GPS receivers, and manual traffic count, the traffic patterns of the selected road networks within the study area were assessed and mapped out. A Geo-Database was also designed for the routes which provide information about the road pavement condition, average traffic volume, adjacent land use, etc. Analysis of results and other queries performed revealed that the most probable causes of traffic congestion in Chanchaga LGA include narrow road width, bad road pavement and indiscriminate parking of vehicles along the road corridors, especially by commercial cab drivers. Conclusively, it was observed that the Kpakungun axis of Minna – Bida road is the most congested route of all the road networks considered, closely followed by the Bosso-Mobil Road. The traffic gridlock along these routes is most prominent on Mondays and Wednesdays (around 8 am and 4 pm) and also on Fridays (around 1-4pm). Also, a free traffic flow is often experienced on Saturdays by 8 am which gradually builds into a synchronized flow around the evening time on all the road networks considered.  

scholarly journals Deployment of Vanets Infrastructure to Aid Road Transport Systems in Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Konyeha ◽  
E. Osa
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
The Road

This work proposes the adoption of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) into the Road Transport system of developing countries. There are myriads of challenges to road transportation in developing countries which include poor state of roads, poor maintenance of roads, road congestions amongst others. The negative impacts of these developments could be very devastating on human lives as well as the economy of the nations concerned. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) which involve the integration of modern communication and information technology into existing transportation systems for real time monitoring of traffic in order to alleviate traffic congestion, incidents, public health issues, etc. Utilizing VANET communication infrastructure will enable ITSs to improve safety of commuters on the roads and minimize traffic congestion, waiting times, fuel consumption, and emissions. The situation in the Nigerian State is considered.

scholarly journals Exploring Driver’s Response to Variable Road Pricing (VRP) Scheme: An Insight into Policy Implementation in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-438
Author(s):  
Yos Sunitiyoso ◽  
Fikri Hadiansyah ◽  
Shimaditya Nuraeni ◽  
Mila Jamila Khatun Badriyah
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Road Pricing ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Cognitive Responses ◽  
Driver Behaviour ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
The Road ◽  
Pricing Scheme ◽  
The Government

In the last few decades, road pricing scheme have been known to hold a central role in actualizing sustainable and integrated transport systems. Road pricing has been implemented in various forms and price structures in many cities in the world. Although the road pricing and price structures were generally designed based on the rational actor approach, some studies provided evidences that, in reality, drivers have bounded rationality. It can be argued that limited cognitive ability of drivers gave significant effect towards their decision. In developing countries like Indonesia, road pricing seems to be an alternative solution for traffic congestion problems. This research aims to explore the cognitive responses of drivers, particularly on their ways of making decision and learning, to complexity and variability of road pricing, and also to give valuable contribution to the government on making policy towards traffic issues. The initial results indicate that policy makers in Indonesia need to consider how drivers behave in response to road pricing scheme before implementing any road pricing policy. Moreover, multiple factors from the point of view of drivers (travel time, safety, comfort, etc.) should be taken into consideration as integral parts of the road pricing scheme design. Keywords:  driver behaviour, experiment, road pricing, road pricing policy

scholarly journals IMPROVING PATH QUERY PERFORMANCE IN PGROUTING USING A MAP GENERALIZATION APPROACH

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W8 ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
R. R. Sankepally ◽  
K. S. Rajan
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Map Generalization ◽  
Query Performance ◽  
The Road ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Path Computation ◽  
Major Bottleneck

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> pgRouting library provides functions to compute shortest path between any two points of a road network which is of great demand and also a topic of interest in the field of GIS, graph theory and transportation. To compute path in a road network, pgRouting functions process the entire road network which is a major bottleneck when it comes to routing in large road networks leading to the requirement of large server resources. A reduction/compression in the input network that is to be processed for path computation would improve the performance of pgRouting. In this study a map generalization based network model is proposed which extracts a significantly smaller subset of the road network aka <i>skeleton</i> which further used to divide the network into <i>zones</i>, that shall be selectively used in path computation. This results in processing a much smaller part of the network to compute path between any two points leading to an overall improvement in query performance of pgRouting when computing path, especially on large road networks. As part of assessment of this approach and its applicability to large road networks, the paper presents an in-depth analysis of the trade-offs between deviation in computed path and the performance gain in terms of space and time on road networks of varying sizes and topology to get a better understanding for both providing a sound proof of the utility of the proposed method and also to show its implementability within the current model of pgRouting or any other routing platforms.</p>

scholarly journals Simulation and analysis of non-recurrent traffic congestion triggered by crashes in road networks using a grid-based approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 168781401988416
Author(s):  
Sulan Li ◽  
Junqing Shi ◽  
Xiedong Zhang ◽  
Hongwei Zhu ◽  
Guolian Meng
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Road ◽  
Grid Networks ◽  
Traffic Efficiency ◽  
Incident Duration ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Network Speed

The non-recurrent traffic congestion triggered by crashes is one of the most important factors that undermine the traffic efficiency of urban road networks. In this article, an improved cellular automaton model was proposed to simulate the non-recurrent congestion triggered by crashes in grid networks with signalized intersections. Four rules were adopted to represent vehicle movements on road sections and intersections. The network speed is adopted to capture the propagation and dissipation of the non-recurrent congestion. The effect of main influencing factors of crashes on the road network was evaluated through the simulation. Simulation results showed the incident duration and areas affected by the distance between the crash point and the upstream intersection, the number of closed lanes, and the crash duration. In addition, the stop-start wave was observed in the simulation. The realistic findings from the simulations validated the model to have the potential for practical applications in the analysis of the non-recurrent congestion triggered by crashes.

Function of Emergency Road Networks During the Post-Earthquake Process of Lifeline Systems Restoration

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaku Shoji ◽  
◽  
Ayumi Toyota ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
Tokyo Metropolitan Area ◽  
Electric Power Supply ◽  
The Road ◽  
Distance Weighted ◽  
Lifeline Systems ◽  
Supply Systems

This paper aims to present a framework for evaluating the functionality of emergency road networks after an earthquake from the perspective of local assistance during the process of restoring lifeline systems, such as electric power supply systems, gas supply systems and telecommunication networks. For the analysis, an earthquake of M7.3 in the Tokyo metropolitan area is anticipated, and the following types of local assistance between the related bases and the lifeline systems in the Kanto area are assumed. We employ four indices to quantify the physical and functional states of emergency road networks to be used during the post-earthquake restoration process: distance exposed by seismic intensity spatial distribution and distance exposed by PL value spatial distribution, the indices of which denote the physical state of the road networks as a result of ground motions and liquefaction, distance weighted by traffic congestion level, and distance weighted by averaged traveling time during the congestion, the indices of which denote the functional state of the road networks before being subjected to the above-mentioned seismic disturbances. By using the indices to evaluate the function of the networks from the point of view of efficiency in terms of gathering human resources and restoration materials, we can determine the most effective emergency road networks and related bases to provide local assistance to lifeline systems.

scholarly journals On the nexus between landslide susceptibility and transport infrastructure – agent-based vulnerability assessment of rural road networks in the Eastern European Alps

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Schlögl ◽  
Michael Avian ◽  
Gerald Richter ◽  
Thomas Thaler ◽  
Gerhard Heiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Landslide Susceptibility ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Susceptibility Map ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
The Road

Abstract. Road networks are complex interconnected systems. Any sudden disruption can result in debilitating impacts on human life or the economy. Interruptions of the transport flow may lead to potentially severe consequences in terms of both direct and indirect losses. In particular, road systems in mountainous areas do not feature redundant elements at comparable economic efficiency. Therefore, assessment of network vulnerability is of major importance for guaranteeing the smooth functioning of societies, especially in those regions. Among various menacing hazards, landslides protrude as particularly destructive events jeopardizing the integrity of land transport systems by causing structural damage and network interruptions. The aim of this paper is to present how road infrastructure is vulnerable towards landslides events, with emphasis on the consequences for the affected road users. This is addressed on the Austrian region Vorarlberg, which allows cross-learning and cross-comparison of, for example, rural and urban areas, also at different scales. The focus of this case study is on resilience issues and support for decision making in the context of a large scale sectoral approach. By taking into account derivates of a high-resolution digital terrain model as well as geological properties, a landslide susceptibility map of the test region is derived by means of the weight of evidence method. This susceptibility map is concatenated with historic data of landslide inventories and a digital road graph in order to identify critical sections of the road network. Subsequently, effects of interruptions of the road network at these critical links are analyzed by applying a mesoscopic multi-agent transport simulation model. Results show the merits of using agent-based traffic modeling for assessing the impacts of road network interruptions on rural communities by providing insight into the characteristics of the population affected, as well as the effects on its daily routine in terms of detour costs.

Dual Goals for Speed and Accuracy on the Same Performance Task

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olive Emil Wetter ◽  
Jürgen Wegge ◽  
Klaus Jonas ◽  
Klaus-Helmut Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Memory Scanning ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Performance Tasks ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

In most work contexts, several performance goals coexist, and conflicts between them and trade-offs can occur. Our paper is the first to contrast a dual goal for speed and accuracy with a single goal for speed on the same task. The Sternberg paradigm (Experiment 1, n = 57) and the d2 test (Experiment 2, n = 19) were used as performance tasks. Speed measures and errors revealed in both experiments that dual as well as single goals increase performance by enhancing memory scanning. However, the single speed goal triggered a speed-accuracy trade-off, favoring speed over accuracy, whereas this was not the case with the dual goal. In difficult trials, dual goals slowed down scanning processes again so that errors could be prevented. This new finding is particularly relevant for security domains, where both aspects have to be managed simultaneously.

A Comprehensive Study on Intelligent Transportation Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Ankur Mishra ◽  
Aayushi Priya
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Intelligent Transport System ◽  
Intelligent Transport ◽  
Transportation Sector

Transportation or transport sector is a legal source to take or carry things from one place to another. With the passage of time, transportation faces many issues like high accidents rate, traffic congestion, traffic & carbon emissions air pollution, etc. In some cases, transportation sector faced alleviating the brutality of crash related injuries in accident. Due to such complexity, researchers integrate virtual technologies with transportation which known as Intelligent Transport System. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) provide transport solutions by utilizing state-of-the-art information and telecommunications technologies. It is an integrated system of people, roads and vehicles, designed to significantly contribute to improve road safety, efficiency and comfort, as well as environmental conservation through realization of smoother traffic by relieving traffic congestion. This paper aims to elucidate various aspects of ITS - it's need, the various user applications, technologies utilized and concludes by emphasizing the case study of IBM ITS.

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