Analysis of Bus Passenger Demand and Supply: Case Study on Western Province, Sri Lanka

Buses carried about 47% of passengers crossing the Colombo Municipal Council (CMC) boundary in 2013. The Sri Lanka Transport Board (SLTB) and private bus companies operates roughly 680 intra-provincial bus routes and 400 inter-provincial bus routes in the Western Province according to the bus route information from the National Transport Commission (NTC, 2012) . The number of buses on the seven (7) major radial corridors carries more bus passengers than other roads in the Western Province. Kandy, Galle and Malabe Road corridors are the highest followed by High Level, Negombo, Horana and Low Level Road corridors. This research paper is an attempt to analyse the bus passenger demand and supply on seven major corridors connecting Western Province boundaries. The impact of the passenger demands and volumes from the seven major corridors and the traffic speed are the main outcome of this analysis. The present bus traffic information and the impact of the traffic congestion due to the high traffic flow on major corridors are discussed in the analysis. The research will also focus on alternative solutions and the importance of integrating other public transport modes to cater the demand from the major seven corridors for the better utilisation of public transport inside the Western Province boundaries.

Identifikasi Karakteristik Ruang Bersama pada Permukiman Nelayan Untuk Optimalisasi Peremajaan Permukiman dengan Konsep Co-Living (Studi Kasus Kelurahan Kangkung, Kota Bandar Lampung)

Housing and settlements are basic needs of every human being as a place to grow and develop. In developing countries, rapid population growth results in scarcity of land and housing, especially for low-income people. Thus, slums grow on the top, edges, plains, hills and disaster-prone areas. Various initiatives to rejuvenate slums have been carried out, but have not completely succeeded in eliminating slums. Limited institutional and funding resources require an innovative approach in rejuvenating slum settlements to be more efficient, which has a significant impact on the community. The characteristics of slum settlements that are dense and have a limited residential area also require innovation to meet decent housing standards. In addition, the value of togetherness and the high level of social interaction between residents of urban villages is a potential that can be integrated in the rejuvenation of slums. In line with these challenges and potentials, co-living, the concept of living together, by sharing space for common use, is an approach that can be applied in efforts to rejuvenate settlements. As a maritime and archipelagic country, one of the characteristics of settlements that often develop in Indonesia is fishermen's settlements in coastal areas. In this study, a study was conducted on the common spaces in the fishermen's settlement of Kangkung Village, Bandar Lampung. This common room is usually used by the community to interact or carry out their activities either in the morning, afternoon, evening or night. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of the common space in fishing settlements, as well as the characteristics of its users. The handling of this common space can be prioritized to improve the social and economic conditions of the community, while at the same time providing a significant impact not only for individuals, but also for wider community groups. The research method used in this study is a qualitative inductive approach, with data sourced from field observations and interviews with stakeholders in fishing settlements, both community and government representatives. The results of this study have identified at least five shared spaces in the fishing settlements of Kangkung Village, namely markets, ports and fish auction sites (TPI), waterfront areas, road corridors and public toilets.

Abordagem fisioterapêutica no tratamento da síndrome do estresse tibial medial –canelite em corredores de rua

As an exponential increase in road corridors, there is also an increase in injuries, within them, to Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (SETM), which is described as a lesion in the external layer of the tibia, causing the posteromedial region to have a size of approximately ≥ 5cm. The objective of this study is to identify the factors of the cliff, how it has been carried out or the diagnosis and physiotherapeutic treatment for the SETM. Methodology: it is about a literature review, using a qualitative research method, of a descriptive nature. A bibliographic survey was carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar and SciELO data banks. Result: Due to the exact cause of SETM is unknown, being more oily than it is a multifatorial condition, identified cliff factors: o increased BMI; navicular left above 10mm; increase in plantar flexion ADM; inappropriate treinamento plane; Previous injuries no 2/3 distal to the leg and imbalance of muscular forces. Its diagnosis was made through a clinical evaluation, containing a historical examination, followed by a physical examination. Despite the clinical evaluation being certified, image exams may be necessary in some specific cases. Conclusion: Despite the great incidence of SETM, it was not identified during the literature review of this study, a standard protocol considered effective, therefore its treatment is concentrated on the clinical presentation of the patient, being generalized interventions, lacking further scientific evidence of good quality. to verify the effectiveness of a specific physiotherapeutic intervention, not specific treatment of SETM.

Climate Change and More Disturbed Land-Use Types will Further the Invasion of a Non-Native Annual Grass, Ventenata Dubia

Many land uses are highly prone to invasion of new non-native plant species under changing climate. Identification of suitable habitat for invasive weeds and their projected infestation extent across different land use cover types under a changing climate is crucial for the broad management goals of prevention, detection, and rapid response. In this study, we adopted an ensemble approach of species distribution models to project potential habitat of the invasive annual grass, Ventenata dubia, along the road corridor of Gallatin county, Montana, USA, under current and future climates. The model prediction of V. dubia habitat was excellent. The climate predictors most correlated with V. dubia occurrence were precipitation, potential evapo-transpiration, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit, and solar radiation for months during the growing season, and fall germination. The model projected 1,945 and 7,374 km2 under RCP4.5, and 2,306 and 11,050 km2 for road corridors and Gallatin county, respectively. We found that the projected increases in V. dubia infestations were highest for road corridors (239% under RCP4.5 and 302% under RCP8.5) compared to that of Gallatin County (127% under RCP4.5 and 241% under RCP8.5). Among the land class types, the model projected greatest expansion of V. dubia cover across agriculture land with 425% and 484% and grassland with 278% and 442% increase under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. We conclude that V. dubia with a short history of invasion is expanding at an alarming rate challenging the status quo and requires greater investment in detection and monitoring to prevent further expansion.

From TOD to TAC: Why and How Transport and Urban Policy Needs to Shift to Regenerating Main Road Corridors with New Transit Systems

The need for transit oriented development (TOD) around railway stations has been well accepted and continues to be needed in cities looking to regenerate both transit and urban development. Large parts of suburban areas remain without quality transit down main roads that are usually filled with traffic resulting in reduced urban value. The need to regenerate both the mobility and land development along such roads will likely be the next big agenda in transport and urban policy. This paper learns from century-old experiences in public–private approaches to railway-based urban development from around the world, along with innovative insights from the novel integration of historical perspectives, entrepreneurship theory and urban planning to create the notion of a “Transit Activated Corridor” (TAC). TACs prioritize fast transit and a string of station precincts along urban main roads. The core policy processes for a TAC are outlined with some early case studies. Five design principles for delivering a TAC are presented in this paper, three principles from entrepreneurship theory and two from urban planning. The potential for new mid-tier transit like trackless trams to enable TACs is used to illustrate how these design processes can be an effective approach for designing, financing and delivering a “Transit Activated Corridor”.

From TOD to TAC: Why and How Transport Policy Needs to Shift to Regenerating Main Road Corridors with New Transit Systems.

The need for Transit Oriented Development (TOD) around railway stations has been well accepted and continues to be needed in cities looking to regenerate both transit and urban development. Large parts of suburban areas remain without quality transit down Main Roads which are usually filled with traffic resulting in reduced urban value. The need to regenerate both the mobility and land development along such roads will likely be the next big agenda in transport policy. This paper learns from century-old experiences in public-private approaches to railway systems from around the world, along with new insights from entrepreneurship theory and urban planning to create the notion of a ‘Transit Activated Corridor’ (TAC). TAC’s prioritise fast transit and a string of station precincts along urban Main Roads. TOD’s were primarily a government role, whereas TAC’s will be primarily a private sector, entrepreneurship role. The core policy processes for a TAC are outlined with some early case studies. Five design principles for delivering a TAC are presented in this paper, three principles from entrepreneurship theory and two from urban planning. The potential for Trackless Trams to enable TAC’s is used to illustrate how these design processes can be an effective approach for designing, financing and delivering a ‘Transit Activated Corridor’. About 200 words. Originally 363 =>207

Studi evaluasi kualitas visual lanskap koridor Jalan Sumbersari – Gajayana Kota Malang

The corridor landscape that is on a commercial road with a lot of user activity can affect the visual quality of the road corridor landscape. The Sumbersari-Gajayana road corridor is one of the commercial roads that has centers of education to economic activities and services. The problem is the large number of community activities that are not supported by the width of the road resulting in congestion, the number of shop houses for businesses, the lack of parking space, narrow and disconnected pedestrians, the number of banners and billboards, so the combination of these facts disturbs the visual quality of the road corridors, however, some point is precisely the potential that must be preserved. This study used the analysis technique of Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) and Semantic Differential (SD) with 30 respondents who were students of Landscape Architecture. The evaluation results show that the corridor landscape of Jalan Sumbersari-Gajayana has high (T), medium (S), and low (R) aesthetic qualities which have a relationship between SBE and SD analysis techniques on the aesthetic elements of the road corridor landscape.

A Time-Based Assessment of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Levels at a Highly Trafficked Intersection: Case Study of Sango-Ota, Nigeria

Vehicle emissions have become one of the most prevailing air contamination sources, including nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide and particulate matter (PM). Among other air pollutants, PM limits visible sight distance and poses health risks upon inhalation into the human body. This study focused on assessing PM2.5 concentrations in air at different periods of the day at the highly trafficked grade-separated intersection of Sango-Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. PM2.5 readings were taken at three at-grade points around the intersection’s roundabout between 10:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. for four (4) days using the BR-SMART-126 Portable 4-in-1 air quality monitor. The highest level of PM2.5 obtained on Day 1 (Monday) and Day 4 (Thursday) was about 45.1% and 38.6%, respectively, lower than that of Day 3 (Wednesday). The highest concentrations of PM2.5 were recorded between 11:00 and 13:00 and between 16:00 and 18:00 (up to 217 µg/m3) whereas the lowest levels were recorded between 14:00 and 15:00 (as low as 86 µg/m3). The concentration of PM2.5 at the Sango-Ota intersection is adjudged “very poor” with average hourly concentrations between 97 and 370 µg/m3. Outcomes obtained indicate the need for improved measures to control air quality along major road corridors and at intersections in Ogun State and Nigeria at large.

Interaction of traffic intensity and habitat features shape invasion dynamics of an invasive alien species (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in a regional road network

Road corridors are important conduits for plant invasions, and an understanding of the underlying mechanisms is necessary for efficient management of invasive alien species in road networks. Previous studies identified road type with different traffic volumes as a key driver of seed dispersal and abundance of alien plants along roads. However, how the intensity of traffic interacts with the habitat features of roadsides in shaping invasion processes is not sufficiently understood. To elucidate these interactions, we analyzed the population dynamics of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), a common non-indigenous annual species in Europe and other continents, in a regional road network in Germany. Over a period of five years, we recorded plant densities at roadsides along four types of road corridors, subject to different intensities of traffic, and with a total length of about 300 km. We also classified roadsides in regard to habitat features (disturbance, shade). This allowed us to determine corridor- and habitat-specific mean population growth rates and spatial-temporal shifts in roadside plant abundances at the regional scale. Our results show that both traffic intensity and roadside habitat features significantly affect the population dynamics of ragweed. The combination of high traffic intensity and high disturbance intensity led to the highest mean population growth whereas population growth in less suitable habitats (e.g. shaded roadsides) declined with decreasing traffic intensity. We conclude that high traffic facilitates ragweed invasion along roads, likely due to continued seed dispersal, and can compensate partly for less suitable habitat features (i.e. shade) that decrease population growth along less trafficked roads. As a practical implication, management efforts to decline ragweed invasions within road networks (e.g. by repeated mowing) should be prioritized along high trafficked roads, and roadside with disturbed, open habitats should be reduced as far as possible, e.g. by establishing grassland from the regional species pool.