scholarly journals A statistical method for identifying different rules of interaction between individuals in moving animal groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (176) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Schaerf ◽  
J. E. Herbert-Read ◽  
A. J. W. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Collective Motion ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Gambusia Holbrooki ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Group Movement ◽  
Leaders And Followers ◽  
Eastern Mosquitofish

The emergent patterns of collective motion are thought to arise from application of individual-level rules that govern how individuals adjust their velocity as a function of the relative position and behaviours of their neighbours. Empirical studies have sought to determine such rules of interaction applied by ‘average’ individuals by aggregating data from multiple individuals across multiple trajectory sets. In reality, some individuals within a group may interact differently from others, and such individual differences can have an effect on overall group movement. However, comparisons of rules of interaction used by individuals in different contexts have been largely qualitative. Here we introduce a set of randomization methods designed to determine statistical differences in the rules of interaction between individuals. We apply these methods to a case study of leaders and followers in pairs of freely exploring eastern mosquitofish ( Gambusia holbrooki ). We find that each of the randomization methods is reliable in terms of: repeatability of p -values, consistency in identification of significant differences and similarity between distributions of randomization-based test statistics. We observe convergence of the distributions of randomization-based test statistics across repeat calculations, and resolution of any ambiguities regarding significant differences as the number of randomization iterations increases.

The routinization of syntagmatic associations

2020 ◽  
pp. 235-259
Author(s):  
Hans-Jörg Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

This chapter looks at the routinization of syntagmatic associations and their cooperation with paradigmatic associations. It begins by formulating the syntagmatic-strengthening principle, which states that as syntagmatic associations between sequentially arranged elements are strengthened by repetition, the symbolic, paradigmatic, and pragmatic associations of the whole sequence are strengthened, while those of the component parts are weakened. This principle explains effects such as the phraseological tendency, collocation, lexical and lexico-grammatical chunking, idiomatization, and the emergence of complex grammatical constructions on the individual level. The remainder of the chapter deals with the whole range from small and simple (words, compounds) to large and complex utterance types (complex schematic constructions) in order to demonstrate that the routinization of syntagmatic and paradigmatic associations provides the foundation for two major principles of structure, i.e. linearity and opposition. A case study on individual differences demonstrates the effects of syntagmatic strengthening.

Oxygen stress and reproduction do not impede aerobic performance in adult eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki)

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Callaghan ◽  
Craig R. White ◽  
Mischa P. Turschwell
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Gambusia Holbrooki ◽  
Oxygen Stress ◽  
Eastern Mosquitofish

scholarly journals Broadening the problem agenda of biological individuality: individual differences, uniqueness and temporality

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie I. Kaiser ◽  
Rose Trappes
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Biological Individuality ◽  
Problem Agenda

AbstractBiological individuality is a notoriously thorny topic for biologists and philosophers of biology. In this paper we argue that biological individuality presents multiple, interconnected questions for biologists and philosophers that together form a problem agenda. Using a case study of an interdisciplinary research group in ecology, behavioral and evolutionary biology, we claim that a debate on biological individuality that seeks to account for diverse practices in the biological sciences should be broadened to include and give prominence to questions about uniqueness and temporality. We show that broadening the problem agenda of biological individuality draws attention to underrecognized philosophical issues and discussions and thereby organizes and enriches the existing debate.

scholarly journals Review of Associations between Built Environment Characteristics and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7561
Author(s):  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Xueying Wu ◽  
Ruoyu Wang ◽  
Dongsheng He ◽  
Dongying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Transit Accessibility ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Transmission Pathways

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has stimulated intensive research interest in its transmission pathways and infection factors, e.g., socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, climatology, baseline health conditions or pre-existing diseases, and government policies. Meanwhile, some empirical studies suggested that built environment attributes may be associated with the transmission mechanism and infection risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, no review has been conducted to explore the effect of built environment characteristics on the infection risk. This research gap prevents government officials and urban planners from creating effective urban design guidelines to contain SARS-CoV-2 infections and face future pandemic challenges. This review summarizes evidence from 25 empirical studies and provides an overview of the effect of built environment on SARS-CoV-2 infection risk. Virus infection risk was positively associated with the density of commercial facilities, roads, and schools and with public transit accessibility, whereas it was negatively associated with the availability of green spaces. This review recommends several directions for future studies, namely using longitudinal research design and individual-level data, considering multilevel factors and extending to diversified geographic areas.

Is Distance to Drop Box an Appropriate Proxy for Drop Box Treatment? A Case Study of Washington State

2021 ◽  
pp. 1532673X2110221
Author(s):  
Loren Collingwood ◽  
Benjamin Gonzalez O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Primary 52 ◽  
The One ◽  
Vote By Mail

In the United States, drop box mail-in voting has increased, particularly in the all vote by mail (VBM) states of Washington, Colorado, Utah, and Oregon. To assess if drop boxes improve voter turnout, research proxies box treatment by voters’ residence distance to nearest drop box. However, no research has tested the assumption that voters use drop boxes nearest their residence more so than they do other drop boxes. Using individual-level voter data from a 2020 Washington State election, we show that voters are more likely to use the nearest drop box to their residence relative to other drop boxes. In Washington’s 2020 August primary, 52% of drop box voters in our data used their nearest drop box. Moreover, those who either (1) vote by mail, or (2) used a different drop box from the one closest to their residence live further away from their closest drop box. Implications are discussed.

scholarly journals A Business Model Framework to Characterize Digital Multisided Platforms

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Ardolino ◽  
Nicola Saccani ◽  
Federico Adrodegari ◽  
Marco Perona
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
The One

Businesses grounded upon multisided platforms (MSPs) are found in a growing number of industries, thanks to the recent developments in Internet and digital technologies. Digital MSPs enable multiple interactions among users of different sides through information and communication technologies. The understanding of the characteristics and constituents of MSPs is fragmented along different literature streams. Moreover, very few empirical studies have been carried out to date. In order to fill this gap, this paper presents a three-level framework that describes a digital MSP. The proposed framework is based on literature analysis and multiple case study. On the one hand, the framework can be used to describe MSP as it provides an operationalization of the concept through the identification of specific dimensions, variables and items; on the other hand, it can be used as an assessment tool by practitioners, as exemplified by the three empirical applications presented in this paper.

Individual Differences in Intrinsic Brain Networks Predict Symptom Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 681-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Peng Kiat Pua ◽  
Phoebe Thomson ◽  
Joseph Yuan-Mou Yang ◽  
Jeffrey M Craig ◽  
Gareth Ball ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Social Impairment ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Abstract The neurobiology of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is still unknown. We hypothesized that differences in subject-level properties of intrinsic brain networks were important features that could predict individual variation in ASD symptom severity. We matched cases and controls from a large multicohort ASD dataset (ABIDE-II) on age, sex, IQ, and image acquisition site. Subjects were matched at the individual level (rather than at group level) to improve homogeneity within matched case–control pairs (ASD: n = 100, mean age = 11.43 years, IQ = 110.58; controls: n = 100, mean age = 11.43 years, IQ = 110.70). Using task-free functional magnetic resonance imaging, we extracted intrinsic functional brain networks using projective non-negative matrix factorization. Intrapair differences in strength in subnetworks related to the salience network (SN) and the occipital-temporal face perception network were robustly associated with individual differences in social impairment severity (T = 2.206, P = 0.0301). Findings were further replicated and validated in an independent validation cohort of monozygotic twins (n = 12; 3 pairs concordant and 3 pairs discordant for ASD). Individual differences in the SN and face-perception network are centrally implicated in the neural mechanisms of social deficits related to ASD.

Life History Changes in Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) Induced by Thermal Elevation

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary K. Meffe
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Life History ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Gambusia Holbrooki ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Thermal Death ◽  
Reproductive Biomass ◽  
Eastern Mosquitofish

Much light can be shed on life history evolution through study of responses of organisms to chronic exposure to a novel or perturbed environment. To determine the influence of 28 yr of temporally unpredictable thermal elevation on their life history patterns, I sampled eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) from a thermally elevated (outflow from a nuclear reactor) and an ambient (farm pond) habitat in South Carolina every month for 2 yr. Fish from the artificially heated environment reproduced all year, had higher reproductive investments (higher clutch sizes and reproductive biomass), and smaller offspring than did fish from the ambient environment, which ceased reproduction from October through March, typical for natural populations of the region. Likely environmental factors responsible for these differences include unpredictable food resources, higher mortality from thermal death, and higher predation by fishes and birds in the heated waters. The extent to which these life history alterations are the result of adaptive genetic changes versus phenotypically plastic responses remains to be tested.

Lipid Dynamics during Reproduction in Two Livebearing Fishes, Gambusia holbrooki and Poecilia latipinna

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 2185-2191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary K. Meffe ◽  
Franklin F. Snelson Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Energy Allocation ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Gambusia Holbrooki ◽  
Poecilia Latipinna ◽  
Lipid Dynamics ◽  
Sailfin Molly ◽  
Eastern Mosquitofish

In animals, strategies of energy allocation among growth, maintenance and reproduction can be significantly altered by lipid storage. Poeciliid (livebearing) fishes store energy in late summer and fall for overwintering and first reproduction in spring, but details of energy use in reproduction are lacking. We conducted a laboratory experiment on the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) and the sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) to document changes in lipid content in both the ovary and soma during development of a brood. In females of both species, ovarian lipid content was highest early in embryogeny and then declined; adult somatic lipids increased (were replenished) during embryonic development in mosquitofish, but declined in mollies. Larger clutches sequestered a larger share of body lipids in both species, possibly indicating energetic limits to reproduction. Finally, growth rate was positively correlated with somatic lipid content in both species, indicating among-individual differences in metabolic efficiency or feeding efficiency rather than a trade-off between growth and energy storage.

‘Eww wtf, what a dumb bitch’: a case study of similitudes inside gender-specific swearing patterns on Twitter

Corpora ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-61
Author(s):  
Michael Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
The Way

Contrary to the idea which has been widespread for at least a hundred years that women differ substantially from men when they express themselves in English-speaking contexts (e.g., Jespersen, 1922 ; and Steadman, 1935 ), empirical studies have shown that these differences are often minimal and are not due to gender alone (e.g., Eckert, 2008 ; and Baker, 2014 ). This also frequently applies to the way they swear, despite certain preferences which have been documented in empirical studies. With the growing impact that social media now has in our everyday lives, these represent a unique opportunity to study vast quantities of written data. This paper is based on a corpus of about one-million tweets and is an attempt to delve deeper into the analysis of gendered swearword habits. First, the goal is to show that even if there are certain gendered preferences in terms of the choice of swearwords, women and men frequently display similar patterns in using them, thus reinforcing the idea that they are not so linguistically different. Secondly, this paper provides insights into how collocational networks can be used to achieve this, and thus how focussing on differences can be one way to spot similarities across two sub-corpora.

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