A Royal Society appointment with Venus in 1769: the voyage of Cook and Banks in the Endeavour In 1768-1771 and its botanical results

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-90 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Set Up ◽  
George Iii ◽  
Made In

A little over two hundred years ago a number of serious and learned men in Copenhagen, London, Paris, St Petersbourg, Stockholm and elsewhere, men who were academicians, Fellows of the Royal Society, Lords of the Admiralty, politicians and the like, had been thinking seriously and learnedly about the behaviour of Venus, not, of course, about Venus as represented coldly and chastely by the marble statues being imported from Italy or more warmly in the paintings of Boucher and his contemporaries, but about her far distant planet which was calculated to pass across the disk of the Sun in 1769 and not to make another such transit until 1874. Observations of the 1769 transit at widely separated stations would provide, it was hoped, the means of calculating the distance of the Earth from the Sun. The Royal Society in London, having set up in November 1767 a sub-committee ‘to consider the places proper to observe the coming Transit of Venus’ and other particulars relevant to the same, presented a memorial to King George III outlining possible benefits to science and navigation from observations made in the Pacific Ocean and received in return the promise of £4000 and a suitable ship provided by the Royal Navy (8).

scholarly journals I. The Bakerian Lecture.—Researches on the tides. Thirteenth series. On the tides of the Pacific, and on the diurnal inequality

1848 ◽  
Vol 138 ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
General Manner ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Made In

1. In 1833 the Royal Society did me the honour to publish, in its Transactions, a memoir of mine, entitled “Essay towards a First Approximation to a Map of Cotidal Lines;" and, in subsequent years, a number of further communications on the sub­ject of our knowledge of the tides, as deduced from observations of those phenomena. These later “Researches” have modified my first views,—a result which I from the first contemplated as probable, as I intended to imply by entitling my memoir “An Essay towards a First Approximation,” and as I expressed more fully in the memoir itself. I have also obtained from various persons, since my last communication to the Society, a considerable amount of recent tide observations, made in various quarters of the globe; and I am desirous of pointing out the general bearing of these addi­tional materials of knowledge. I wish especially to bring under the consideration both of mathematicians and of navigators, the problem of the tides of the Pacific Ocean. When I wrote my first memoir on the subject, our knowledge of the tides of that ocean was so imperfect, that I did not even venture upon a first approxima­tion to the cotidal lines. And I have since seen reason to believe that, not only for that ocean but for all large seas, the method of drawing cotidal lines which I formerly adopted, is very precarious. 2. There is another leading feature of the tides, which has been brought clearly into view in the course of these researches, which is of great interest and importance to the navigator, as well as to the mathematician, and of which I have assigned the laws in a general manner, and with an accuracy sufficient for most practical pur­poses; I mean the Diurnal Inequality which makes the common or semidiurnal tides differ alternately in excess and in defect. I have already examined various series of tide observations in which this diurnal inequality prominently appears; but I have now the means of showing it to be much more extensively distributed and larger in amount than has been supposed.

scholarly journals XXXIV. On the transit of Venus in 1769. To the Right Honourable The Earl of Morton, President to the Council and Fellows of the Royal Society, this discourse is, with all humility, inscribed, by their humble servant, Thomas Hornsby

1765 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 326-344 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Theory Of Gravity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Made In

The observations of the late transit of Venus, though made with all possible care and accuracy, have not enabled us to determine with certainty the real quantity of the sun's parallax; since, by a comparison of the observations made in several parts of the globe, the sun's parallax is not less than 8" 1/2, nor does it seem to exceed 10". From the labours of those gentlemen, who have attempted to deduce this quantity from the theory of gravity, it should seem that the earth performs its annual revolution round the sun at a greater distance than is generally imagined: since Mr. Professor Stewart has determined the sun's parallax to be only 6', 9, and Mr. Mayer, the late celebrated Professor at Gottingen, who hath brought the lunar tables to a degree of perfection almost unexpected, is of opinion that it cannot exceed 8".

2. The peopling of the earth

2015 ◽  
pp. 12-28
Author(s):  
Stewart A. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Homo Erectus ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Rift Valleys

When did exploration begin and who were the first explorers? ‘The peopling of the earth ’ shows that the deep origins of exploration are inseparable from the long process of the peopling of the earth that began between one and two million years ago, with the migration of Homo erectus out of the East Africa rift valleys. It considers the Polynesian seafaring people whose remarkable exploratory oceanic migration resulted in settlements and cultural exchange around and across the Pacific Ocean. The maritime exploration of the Norse reached Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland. The global circle of humanity closed, and the first of history's two big stories, that of human divergence, ended, and the second, that of human convergence, began.

Geothermal

2020 ◽  
pp. 363-402
Author(s):  
Paul F. Meier
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Enhanced Geothermal System ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Geothermal energy is heat taken from below the surface of the earth in the form of either steam or hot water. This energy can be used to generate electricity, but also has use in heating and cooling homes and some direct uses, such as gold mining, food dehydration, and milk pasteurizing. There are four basic types of geothermal power plants including steam, flash, binary, and enhanced geothermal system (EGS). The first three rely on permeable aquifers that have water flowing through them such that hot water or steam can be extracted. EGS, however, extracts heat from deep in the earth by injecting water and creating artificial fractures in the rock. A great deal of the world’s potential for geothermal energy exists in the so-called Ring of Fire, a ring of volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean.

scholarly journals In situ observations of trophic behaviour and locomotion of Princaxelia amphipods (Crustacea: Pardaliscidae) at hadal depths in four West Pacific Trenches

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Jamieson ◽  
Anne-Nina Lörz ◽  
Toyonobu Fujii ◽  
Imants G. Priede
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Japan Trench ◽  
Predatory Behaviour ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Burst Swimming ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Made In

The genus Princaxelia, Pardaliscidae, is a rarely recorded, infrequently collected and hitherto observed benthic amphipod, typically found at hadal depths (>6000 m) in the Pacific Ocean trenches. Little is known about the behaviour or physiology of this genus. Using a baited camera lander, observations of Princaxelia jamiesoni were made in the Japan Trench (7703 m) and Izu–Ogasawara Trench (9316 m) and of Princaxelia aff. abyssalis in the Kermadec Trench (7966 m) and Tonga Trench (8798 m). These amphipods rapidly intercepted the bait and preyed upon smaller lysianassoid amphipods. Mean absolute swimming speeds for P. jamiesoni and P. aff. abyssalis were 4.16 cm.s−1 ± 1.8 SD and 4.02 cm.s−1 ± 0.87 SD respectively. These amphipods have the capacity for long range swimming, high manoeuvrability in close range, and efficient predatory behaviour. Burst swimming speeds for P. aff. abyssalis were 9 and 10 cm.s−1 with accelerations up to 22–25 cm.s−2.

Captain Cook bicentenary commemorative presentations

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
James Cook ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Executive Secretary ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Australian Academy ◽  
Opening Address

On 1 May 1969 the Australian Academy of Science held a Cook Bicentenary Symposium in Canberra under the chairmanship of its President, Sir Macfarlane Burnet. Lord Blackett, President of the Royal Society, just before delivering an opening address to the Symposium, was invited by Sir Macfarlane Burnet to receive on behalf of the Royal Society a gift of a painting of Banksia serrata by Celia Rosser specially commissioned by the Academy to commemorate the association of the Royal Society with the voyage of the Endeavour , which was so significant to Australia. Lord Blackett then invited the Academy to accept a handsomely bound copy of an extract from the Royal Society Minutes of Council held on 23 June 1768 containing the ‘Directions to be observed by Captain James Cook and Mr Charles Green, with respect to their making astronomical observations in the Pacific Ocean, and in the voyage out and home again’. Sir Richard Woolley, Astronomer Royal, and Dr D. C. Martin, Executive Secretary of the Society (accompanied by Mrs Martin) were present at these ceremonies as well as Fellows of the Society resident in Australia who are also Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science.

scholarly journals V. Account of a new volcanic Island in the Pacific Ocean. By Wilfred Rowell, H. B. M. Consul in Samoa. In a letter to the Hydrographer of the Admiralty

1886 ◽  
Vol 40 (242-245) ◽  
pp. 81-82
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Volcanic Island ◽  
Submarine Volcano ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Sir, I have the honour to forward to you a photograph and a copy of a letter received from H. M. Consul at Samoa, relating to a volcanic island recently formed by a submarine volcano, in the vicinity of the Friendly Group in the Pacific Ocean, which I think may be of interest to the Royal Society. I also forward a chart of the locality showing the position of the new island. It is unfortunate that, as the hydrographical knowledge of the vicinity is very imperfect, no information exists as to the depths from which this island has pushed its way.

scholarly journals Evolution of Australian policy to Vietnam

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Hanh Thi Do
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Southern Pacific Ocean ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between Vietnam and Australia more and more obviously reveals the beneficiality stemming from the demands and capabilities of the two countries. Both positioned in the valley of the Pacific Ocean, the potential and growth of their relationship remains strong in a world of increasingly global and regional reunion and linkage. Optimizing the beneficiality and most effectively exploiting the potential of both countries in their relationship depend on many factors among which total scientific acknowledgement and appreciation of historical process of the relationship are extremely necessary. When does it originate the Australian policy to Vietnam? Which historical epics has it undergone? What is its evolutionary process? And the like? The answers to these questions are the main contents of this paper. The Vietnamese policy to Australia must be set up on the foundation of proper appreciation of this country’s policy to Vietnam and of total perception on the position of Vietnam toward it, on Vietnam’s benefits and exploiting methods in the relationship with this biggest country in Southern Pacific Ocean, etc.

scholarly journals An Indo-Pacific see-saw wobbles the Earth at intraseasonal timescales

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Afroosa ◽  
B Rohith ◽  
Arya Paul ◽  
Fabien Durand ◽  
Romain Bourdallé-Badie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Pacific Basin ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Abstract Strong large-scale winds can relay their energy to the ocean bottom and elicit an almost immediate intraseasonal barotropic (depth independent) response in the ocean. The intense winds associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), over the tropical interface between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean (popularly known as Maritime Continent) generate significant basin-wide intraseasonal barotropic sea level variability in the tropical Indian Ocean. Here we show, using an ocean general circulation model and a network of in-situ bottom pressure recorders, that the concerted barotropic response of the Indian and the Pacific Ocean to these winds leads to an intraseasonal see-saw of oceanic mass in the Indo-Pacific basin. This global-scale mass shift is unexpectedly fast, as we show that the mass field of the entire Indo-Pacific basin is dynamically adjusted to MJO in a few days. We also explain how this near-global-scale MJO-induced oceanic phenomenon is the first signature from a climate mode that can be isolated into the Earth polar axis motion, in particular during the strong see-saw of early 2013.

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