Origin of Sovereignty and Boundaries of Royal Prerogative in Tory Political Controversy in Great Britain in Last Third of 18th Century

The discourse on the nature and boundaries of royal sovereignty, which unfolded with the coming to power of George III in Great Britain, is considered. The key features and changes in the constitutional views of the Tories that took shape in the 60—90s of the 18th century are examined in the article. The relevance of the study lies in determining the nature and role of the discourse under study in the formation of a new Tory identity, concentrating on the integral role of the monarch. The novelty of the research lies in the emphasis on the religious component of this discourse, as well as in the use of church sermons as a special kind of source. At the same time, some excerpts of sermons are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. It is emphasized that during the period under study, the Tory party did not have a political ideology, and the current policy was influenced by fears about the stability of the English constitution associated with the events in the North American colonies. The validity of the cautious approaches of the supporters of the critical direction in modern British historiography to the assessment of Tory identity in the last third of the 18th century is shown. The author’s assessment of how Toryism of the 60—90s of the 18th century reinterprets the experience of the “old Tories”, combining traditional respect for the royal prerogative with the recognition of the rights and privileges of parliament.

“A Style of Chinese Respect”: Lord Macartney’s Reply to the Imperial Edicts of Emperor Qianlong in 1793

In 1793, King George III of Great Britain sent an official embassy led by Lord George Macartney to China in the hope of getting more favourable trading terms. However, all the requests made by Lord Macartney were rejected flatly in two imperial edicts issued by the Chinese Emperor Qianlong when the embassy was about to leave China. The present paper focuses on Lord Macartney’s response to the two imperial edicts, in particular the official reply Macartney made to the Qing court in the form of a “note” to Heshen before the embassy left China. In the note, Macartney touched upon several important issues, including the sensitive one about the relative status of the two countries. To Macartney, these issues were so crucial that he felt obliged to make a response promptly. The tactful way adopted by Macartney to handle them deserves our special attention.

Book Marks of the Personal Library of the German Bibliophile Prince George of Anhalt

For many years, the Rare Books Department (Book Museum) of the Russian State Library has been conducting up-to-date work on the description of ex-libris, which contributes to the disclosure of the Department’s collections. The main goal of this research is to identify, record, study, publish, and thereby show the variety and richness of the ownership marks found on books. This article is devoted to the book marks of the German bibliophile Prince George III of Anhalt (1507—1553) from the collection of the Russian State Library. In the Russian-language research literature, Prince George’s book marks have not been considered before. The highly valued private library, later named after the owner — “Georgs-Bibliothek”, used to be part of the Land Library in Dessau (Germany). A small part of this famous book collection came after World War II to the V.I. Lenin State Library of the USSR and is now stored in the Book Museum. On the example of the small fragment of Prince George’s famous library, the article traces the gradual appearance and development of the unique ex-libris of this collection, reveals the literary and bibliophile interests of the owner, and establishes the circle of his communication. In the course of the study, about a hundred owner’s marks were recorded, thanks to which there were identified more than 120 publications from the personal collection of Prince George of Anhalt. The article presents the main types of its ex-libris (handwritten, gift, and super-ex-libris), which are reproduced and described in detail.

Implementasi Kebijakan Sistem Pelaporan Keuangan Berbasis Akrual di DPMPTSP Kota Palopo

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis implementasi sistem pelaporan keuangan berbasis akrual pada Dinas Penanaman Modal dan Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu (DPMPTSP) Kota Palopo. Konsep dalam penelitian ini ada dua yaitu: Sistem Pelaporan Akuntansi Berbasis Akrual dan Implementasi Kebijakan Sistem Akuntansi Berbasis Akrual (Edward George III). Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara dari lima orang informan. Metode analisis data penelitian menggunakan Model interaktif dari Miles dan Huberman yang terdiri dari: (1) reduksi data; (2) pengumpulan data; (3) penyajian data; dan (4) penarikan atau verifikasi kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa implementasi sistem akuntansi berbasis akrual di DPMPTSP Kota Palopo sudah dilakukan dengan sangat memuaskan dan mendapatkan nilai implementasi akuntansi berbasis akrual sebesar 94.22%. Sedangkan untuk kualitas pelaporan keuangan sudah sesuai dengan aturan yang telah ditetapkan oleh pemerintah yang bertujuan untuk menghasilkan laporan keuangan yang lebih dipercaya, lebih akurat, komprehensif, dan relevan untuk pengambilan keputusan ekonomi, sosial, dan politik.

From Jacobite to Loyalist: The Career and Political Theology of Bishop George Hay

Although Catholics were marginalized and strongly associated with Jacobitism under the early Hanoverians, the reign of George III saw a gradual assimilation of Catholics into mainstream political culture. The Vicars Apostolic of Great Britain played a key role in this process by emphasizing passivity and loyalty. The bishop who most strongly personified this Jacobite to loyalist transition was George Hay (1729-1811). A convert to Catholicism from the Scottish Episcopalian faith, Hay served the Jacobite Army as a medic in 1745 and was imprisoned following that conflict. After his conversion and subsequent ordination, Hay became coadjutor of the Lowland District of Scotland in 1769 and was promoted to the Apostolic Vicarate in 1778. Hay actively engaged with many high-profile statesmen and political thinkers, including Edmund Burke. Most notably, he constructively utilized Jacobite political theology to criticise revolutionary ideology. His public involvement in politics was most remarkable during the American and French Revolutions, when he confidently deployed the full force of counterrevolutionary doctrines that formerly alienated Catholics from the Hanoverian state. However, since the Age of Revolution presented a stark duality between monarchy and republicanism, Hay’s expressions of passive obedience and non-resistance endeared him and the Catholic Church to the British establishment.

A New British Strategy

This chapter covers in detail British strategy development in late 1776 and early 1777. During this period, British senior leaders—King George III, Lord George Germain, Lieutenant General John Burgoyne, and General Sir William Howe—created a military strategy they hoped would win the war in 1777. Howe’s plans called for an offensive to seize Philadelphia and Burgoyne’s a three-pronged offensive to split the rebellion in half. The chapter covers the competing plans in detail, the underlying assumptions, and the failure of British leaders to reconcile and coordinate Howe’s and Burgoyne’s plans. Instead of one comprehensive strategy commanded by one leader, the British essentially unleashed two uncoordinated military strategies without unity of command. The 3,000 miles between London and Howe’s headquarters in New York exacerbated the poor coordination. An appendix lists all the key orders and meetings and demonstrates the key issues that led to the faulty British strategy.

Introduction: Fatal Ambition

THE QUEEN’S HOUSE WAS modest as royal palaces went in eighteenth-century England. In 1761, King George III purchased the former country home of the Duke of Buckingham for his young wife, Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. This unpretentious retreat for the royal family—later expanded substantially—would one day be known as Buckingham Palace. A family home, only a few steps from St. James Palace, the official royal residence, the Queen’s House provided the king and queen with some respite from their official duties....