scholarly journals Journals, learned societies and money: Philosophical Transactions , ca . 1750–1900

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aileen Fyfe
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Journal Publishing ◽  
Natural Knowledge ◽  
Learned Societies ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

This paper investigates the finances of the Royal Society and its Philosophical Transactions , showing that in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries journal publishing was a drain on funds rather than a source of income. Even without any expectation of profit, the costs of producing Transactions nevertheless had to be covered, and the way in which this was done reflected the changing financial situation of the Society. An examination of the Society's financial accounts and minute books reveals the tensions between the Society's desire to promote the widespread communication of natural knowledge, and the ever-increasing cost of doing so, particularly by the late nineteenth century.

The Abominables

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-52
Author(s):  
Marco Pinfari
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Irish Nationalism ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Rule Breaking ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Many ◽  
Reign Of Terror

This chapter explores the use of monster metaphors in framing “terrorist” actors since the French Revolution. While acknowledging that these metaphors effectively present the “terrorist” as an abject “other,” it argues that the main purpose of the use of monster imagery in framing “terrorists” is to highlight their unmanageability, which may be instrumental in securing popular backing for specific types of rule-breaking behavior in counterterrorism. It presents these arguments while reviewing examples drawn from the origins of modern terrorism in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These include the gorgon Medusa, which appears for instance in relation to Robespierre’s “Reign of Terror,” and the many-headed hydra—one of the oldest metaphors for representing unruly behavior that proves unmanageable. It then introduces another type of unmanageable monster that would become particularly popular to frame terrorists—Frankenstein’s monster—and its use in the late nineteenth century to frame Irish nationalism.

A Leicestershire Recusant Family: The Nevills of Nevill Holt – I

1984 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
James I ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Church

At the Reformation, three possibilities faced English Catholics. They could continue to be Catholics and so suffer the penalties of the penal laws; they could conform to the Church of England; or they could adopt a middle course and become Church Papists. The Nevills of Nevill Holt, near Market Harborough in Leicestershire, went through all three phases. In the reign of Edward VI, Thomas Nevill I became a Protestant. His grandson, Thomas Nevill II, became a Church Papist under James I; and Thomas II’s son, Henry Nevill I, continued to be one at the time of the Civil War. But Henry l’s son William was definitely a Catholic and went into exile with King James II, while William’s son, Henry Nevill II, was an open Catholic under Charles II. Henry Nevill II’s descendants continued to be Catholics throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries until they left Nevill Holt in the late nineteenth century.

scholarly journals The urge to begin anew: Visions of America in some American long poems

Literator ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-110
Author(s):  
T. Ullyatt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Leaves Of Grass ◽  
Philip Freneau ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Historical Importance ◽  
Basic Purpose ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Long Poems

The basic purpose of this article is to survey the visions of America embodied in a number of American long poems from different literary periods. Since there have been a considerable number of long poems written in America during its almost 350-year history, it has been necessary to make some stringent selections. The texts used here have been chosen for their literary-historical importance. Starting with Michael Wigglesworth's 1662 poem, The Day of Doom, the article proceeds to the work of Joel Barlow and, to a lesser extent, Philip Freneau from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries before approaching Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass from the late nineteenth century, and Alien Ginsberg's poem. Howl, from the mid-twentieth century.

Gothic Aesthetics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sensation Fiction ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Spiritual World ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines the relationship between late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century gothic, the sensation fiction of the middle decades of the nineteenth century, fin-de-siècle gothic works and modernism. It argues that in the late nineteenth century a distinctive, but implicit, gothic aesthetic developed which was characterised by a concern with divided selves, fragmented narratives and science. It also shows that this aesthetic was distinguished by optimistic narratives about adaptability and the presence of a mystical or spiritual world.

scholarly journals Fields of Practice: Symbolic Binding and the Qing Defense of Sinocentric Diplomacy

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 546-557
Author(s):  
David E Banks
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Capital ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Limited Access ◽  
Practice Turn ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Domestic Practices ◽  
Late Nineteenth

AbstractThe practice turn in IR offers new ways to understand how diplomats can creatively engage with their environment and one another. Yet, sometimes their diplomatic practices limit their ability to achieve agreements. This article focuses on how and why domestic practices conflict with international practices, and why states sometimes might feel constrained into engaging in practices that harm their international position. Drawing on field theory, I introduce a causal mechanism I call symbolic binding that explains why regimes may become so bound by their domestic practices of legitimation that they incur considerable international cost. Symbolic binding occurs when the symbolic practices needed to generate domestic legitimacy intersect and conflict with practices from the diplomatic field, when domestic audiences are observing the diplomatic interaction, and when regimes have limited access to alternative forms of political capital. I demonstrate the logic of this mechanism by analyzing the antagonistic diplomacy that occurred between Britain and China from the late eighteenth until the late nineteenth century. I show that the root of this diplomatic conflict can be linked to the incompatibility of both states’ diplomatic practices and show how the Qing regime's need to maintain domestic legitimacy constrained it into steadfastly adhering to diplomatic practices that were incompatible with that of encroaching European powers.

The International Religious Network of Yun Chi-ho (1865–1965: Mission or Dialogue?

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 228-235
Author(s):  
Shin Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Medical Missionary ◽  
Christian Message

For five hundred years (1392–1910, Neo-Confucianism had been the state religion in Korea before Christianity was transmitted by Western missionaries. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, French Catholic missionaries taught the Christian message without permission, resulting in severe persecution by the Korean rulers. But during the late nineteenth century American Protestant missionaries secured permission from the Korean king and started educational and medical missionary work, rather than engaging in direct evangelical activity.

scholarly journals From Libidines nefandæ to sexual perversions

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diederik F Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Legal Medicine ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Conceptual Evolution

A conceptual evolution is traceable from early modern classifications of libido nefanda (execrable lust) to early nineteenth-century allusions to ‘perversion of the sexual instinct’, via pluralizing notions of coitus nefandus/sodomiticus in Martin Schurig’s work, and of sodomia impropria in seventeenth- through late eighteenth-century legal medicine. Johann Valentin Müller’s early breakdown of various unnatural penchants seemingly inspired similar lists in works by Johann Christoph Fahner and Johann Josef Bernt, and ultimately Heinrich Kaan. This allows an ante-dating of the ‘specification of the perverted’ (Foucault) often located in the late nineteenth century, and appreciation of pygmalionism and necrophilia as instances of ‘perverted sexual instinct’. In this light, Kaan’s early psychopathia sexualis was less innovative and more ambivalent than previously thought.

Introduction

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Antony Polonsky
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Secular Culture ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Jewish population of Poland–Lithuania. During the years of its flourishing, it gave rise to a unique religious and secular culture in Hebrew and Yiddish and enjoyed an unprecedented degree of self-government. Even after the upheavals which marked the beginning of the downfall of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Jewish community continued to grow and even to recover some of its vitality. In the late eighteenth century these lands saw the birth and development of hasidism, an innovative revivalist movement, which was eventually to win the allegiance of a large proportion of the Jewish population and which remains very much alive in the Jewish world today. The partitions of Poland at the end of the eighteenth century and again in 1815 divided Polish Jewry between the tsarist, Habsburg, and Prussian states. In all these areas, and particularly in the Pale of Settlement, the late nineteenth century saw the appearance and increasing ascendancy of ethnic and national conceptions of Jewish self-identification, in particular Zionism and Jewish autonomism.

scholarly journals Checking the sea: geographies of authority on the East Norfolk Coast (1790–1932)

Rural History ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (02) ◽  
pp. 215-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Matless
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Coastal Erosion ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Coastal Defence ◽  
Land Drainage ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Late Nineteenth

AbstractThis article examines coastal defence in East Norfolk between the late eighteenth and early twentieth centuries. From 1802 until 1932 sea defence between Happisburgh and Winterton was the responsibility of the Commissioners of Sewers for the Eastern Hundreds of Norfolk, more commonly known as the Sea Breach Commission (SBC). This article explores the geographies of authority shaping sea defence, with the SBC a body whose relationship to the local and national state could be uneasy. The article outlines the SBC’s nineteenth-century roles and routines, and examines its relationship to outside expertise, including its early hiring of geologist William Smith. The article reviews challenges to the SBC’s authority following late nineteenth-century flood events, details its early twentieth-century routines, and examines disputes over development on the sandhills. The article details the SBC’s dealings with an emerging national ‘nature state’, around issues such as coastal erosion and land drainage, matters which led to the SBC’s demise following the 1930 Land Drainage Act. The article concludes by considering the SBC’s contemporary resonance in a time of challenges to the role of the nature state, and anxieties over coastal defence.

Rise of the Managers

2020 ◽  
pp. 242-272
Author(s):  
Anton Howes
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Industrial Design ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Middle Management ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
New Members ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter analyzes why the Royal Society of Arts never had a permanent function but was instead meant to find new things to improve. It discusses the utilitarian-supported reforms of the late nineteenth century that laid the foundations for state systems of education, health, and welfare to grow in size and complexity. It also points out changes in the membership of the Society that reflects the growth of both government and corporate bureaucracies. The chapter describes Society's new members in the mid-twentieth century that were increasingly drawn from the civil service, middle management, and chairmen or directors of companies. It also conveys how the Society reacted to the trend of bureaucracies by increasingly appealing to large firms for the sponsorship of its industrial design bursaries.

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