scholarly journals Martyrs made in the sky: the Zénith balloon tragedy and the construction of the French Third Republic's first scientific heroes

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-386
Author(s):  
Patrick Luiz Sullivan De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Claude Bernard ◽  
Made In

Following the balloon's invention in 1783, the French greeted the technology with enthusiasm, speculating extensively about its potential scientific and practical applications. However, the lack of progress in navigating against the winds discredited ballooning, and in the following decades it became the domain of spectacular forms of entertainment and of swindlers trying to defraud public subscriptions. All of this changed after the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War, during which balloons were used to breach the siege of Paris. This essay explores how the aeronautical community, led by the recently established Société Française de Navigation Aérienne, mobilized the memory of the war to transform the balloon into a symbol of a heroic republican science. Paramount in that process was the Zénith 's 1875 high-altitude ascent that killed two aeronauts—Joseph Crocé-Spinelli and Théodore Sivel. The tragedy reverberated beyond France's scientific community, and through popular acclaim the two aeronauts became the Third Republic's first scientific martyrs, anticipating the eventual apotheoses of figures like Claude Bernard and Louis Pasteur. The ballooning revival in the last third of the century helped strengthen the association between France and aeronautics, thus setting the stage for the country to acquire a central position in the field by the early twentieth century.

scholarly journals Emil Theodor Kocher: an innovator surgeon.

1969 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-234
Author(s):  
María Liliana Franco ◽  
Natalia Acosta ◽  
Lilian Chuaire
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Emil Theodor Kocher ◽  
Theodor Kocher

Emil Theodor Kocher is considered along with Frank Lahey, Theodor Billroth, William Halsted, Charles Mayo, George Crile and Thomas Dunhill as one of the «Magnificent Seven», referring to the group of surgeons who managed thyroidectomy to make it a safe and efficient intervention that it is now practiced throughout the world. He was author of numerous contributions towards medicine. One of his most important contributions was to elucidate the function of the thyroid gland, through the observation and study of thyroidectomyzed patients, for which he was recognized by the academic and scientific community during the early twentieth century.

The Old Rhetoric

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-68
Author(s):  
Anthony Ossa-Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Philosophical Analysis ◽  
Persuasive Communication ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Persuasive Speech

This chapter discusses the Old Rhetoric, sketching the long persistence in the West—from Aristotle to the early twentieth century—of a ‘single meaning model’ of language, one that takes ambiguity for granted as an obstacle to persuasive speech and clear philosophical analysis. In Aristotle's works are the seeds of three closely related traditions of Western thought on ambiguity: the logicosemantic, the rhetorical, and the hermeneutic. The first seeks to eliminate ambiguity from philosophy because it hinders a clear analysis of the world. The second seeks to eliminate ambiguity from speech because it hinders the clear and persuasive communication of argument. The third, an extension of the second, seeks to resolve textual ambiguity because it hinders the reader's ability to grasp the writer's intention. The chapter then considers Aristotle's two types of verbal ambiguity: homonym and amphiboly. The solution to both—whether their presence in a discussion is accidental or deliberate—is what Aristotle calls diairesis or distinction, that is, the explicit clarification of the different meanings involved.

REPRESENTATION, STRUCTURE AND AGENCY: DIVORCE IN THE FRENCH SOUDAN DURING THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD ROBERTS
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Legal Action ◽  
The Third ◽  
Structure And Agency ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Representation Structure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
French Soudan ◽  
Domestic Affairs

On 5 October 1905, Baia Bari of Gassin village went before the tribunal de province of Segu seeking a divorce from her husband, Tiemoko Boaré of Koila. Both Baia Bari and Tiemoko Boaré were Muslims. Baia Bari claimed that Tiemoko Boaré had mistreated her and that she was prepared to return the bridewealth. In addition, Baia Bari sought the return of 27,000 cowries she claimed Tiemoko Boaré had taken from her, although she did not present any ‘proof’. Tiemoko Boaré agreed to the divorce but denied having taken the money. The court pronounced the divorce and called for Tiemoko Boaré to recover the bridewealth he and his kin had provided to Baia Bari's kin. The court dismissed Baia Bari's claim for the return of 27,000 cowries, because she had failed to produce evidence of the alleged ‘loan’. Neither Baia Bari nor Tiemoko Boaré appealed the court's verdict.How Baia Bari came to bring suit for divorce against her husband for mistreatment and how the provincial court, presided over by the leading African notables of Segu, saw fit to intervene in the domestic affairs of the Boaré household is the subject of this article. The data provided in the ‘Register of Civil and Commercial Judgements Rendered by the Provincial Court of Segu during the Third Quarter of 1905’ are not detailed enough for us to ‘hear’ Baia Bari's complaints about marital mistreatment. Nor does the register tell us anything about how the members of the court understood the evidence of mistreatment, which they accepted, and Baia Bari's claim for the return of 27,000 cowries, which they rejected. Despite the sparse annotation of this case, Baia Bari's legal action raises at least two questions. First, from where did the provincial court ‘receive’ the authority to intervene in the domestic affairs of the Boaré household? Second, why did Baia Bari turn to the provincial court to seek the dissolution of her marriage?

Errata

Urban History ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-168
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Women's History ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Women’S History

‘Suburbia and infant death in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Adelaide’ by Philippa Mein Smith and Lionel Frost, volume 21 pt. 2 (October 1994) pp. 251-272.The publisher very much regrets that proof corrections were not incorporated in this article, and it thus included a number of errors.On page 251, line 20 should read ‘… various institutions which provided research funding and access to material’. In footnote 3, lines 1 and 3, ‘womens’ history’ should read ‘women's history’.Ten lines were missing that should have been represented on page 267. There were also eight lines repeated on pages 267-268 and an extra footnote 41 placed at the bottom of page 267, with a reference to footnote 42 that in fact refers to footnote 46 on page 268. We reproduce below the corrected text from the beginning of the third paragraph of page 266 to the end of the first paragraph on page 268. The above page references refer to the original article.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Francis Kornicki
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Common ◽  
Made In

This chapter draws together the arguments made in the earlier chapters and addresses the question of nationalism, in particular after the Manchu conquest of China and the start of the Qing dynasty in 1644, which altered perceptions of China significantly in East Asia. The cultural pride that developed in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam led to greater interest in the vernaculars but it did not until later lead to a rejection of Sinitic, for until the early twentieth century Sinitic continued to be perceived as the common learned language of the whole of East Asia, rather that the property of China.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Ken Hirschkop
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Division ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century Europe

Chapter 1 focuses on the distinctiveness of the ‘linguistic turns’ of early twentieth-century Europe, differentiating them from nineteenth-century work on language and insisting on the need to think of these multiple turns as a whole, as a constellation across Europe. That there is such a constellation, demanding our attention, is the first of the book’s three organizing claims. The second is that language draws such a crowd because crowds have become a problem: in the linguistic turns of the early twentieth century, language is a metonym for problems of social order and social division, democracy and consent, nationality and difference. Hence the third claim: that the distinguishing feature of these linguistic turns is a commitment to some version of ‘language as such’, a force or structure within language that can provide the vitality, the order, the lucidity, or some combination of these, necessary to cure language of its present ills.

scholarly journals Images of an illness : a case study of Albert R. Stone's tuberculosis photographs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasha Lin Caswell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tuberculosis Treatment ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Master's Thesis ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Made In

This master's thesis is a case study of sixteen black-and-white photographs of tuberculosis treatment facilities in Rochester, N.Y., by local photographer Albert R. Stone. They appeared in the Rochester Herald in as two photo essays, one in 1909 and the other in 1923. The aim of my research was to provide contextual information about Albert Stone and the Rochester Herald, tuberculosis and its treatment, and how the disease was portrayed photographically, and ultimately, to determine whether Stone's photographs were typical of tuberculosis-related images. I examined them in the context of other sanatorium images and based on statements about the conventions of sanatorium photographs made by Daniel M. Fox and Christopher Lawrence in Photographing Medicine: Images and Power in Britain and America Since 1840, and concluded that they were representative of photographs of sanatoriums made in the early twentieth century.

scholarly journals Images of an illness : a case study of Albert R. Stone's tuberculosis photographs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasha Lin Caswell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tuberculosis Treatment ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Master's Thesis ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Made In

This master's thesis is a case study of sixteen black-and-white photographs of tuberculosis treatment facilities in Rochester, N.Y., by local photographer Albert R. Stone. They appeared in the Rochester Herald in as two photo essays, one in 1909 and the other in 1923. The aim of my research was to provide contextual information about Albert Stone and the Rochester Herald, tuberculosis and its treatment, and how the disease was portrayed photographically, and ultimately, to determine whether Stone's photographs were typical of tuberculosis-related images. I examined them in the context of other sanatorium images and based on statements about the conventions of sanatorium photographs made by Daniel M. Fox and Christopher Lawrence in Photographing Medicine: Images and Power in Britain and America Since 1840, and concluded that they were representative of photographs of sanatoriums made in the early twentieth century.

Cosmic Philosophy and the Arts

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 102-118
Author(s):  
Boaz Huss
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
High Profile ◽  
The Third ◽  
Art And Literature ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Art Dealer ◽  
The Ideal

This article discusses the nexus between art and occultism in the Idéal et Réalité group, which was active in Paris in the third decade of the twentieth century and attracted many prominent writers, poets, actors, and artists. The Idéal et Réalité group emerged from the early twentieth-century esoteric Le Mouvement Cosmique, and it was much influenced by its Cosmic Philosophy. The Cosmic Movement was founded by Max Théon and his wife Théona (Mary Ware) in the first decade of the twentieth century. Art and literature were important in the philosophy and practice of both the Cosmic Movement and the Idéal et Réalité circle. Art dealer Eugène Blot and members of his extended family contributed to the participation of high-profile artists in the Idéal et Réalité circle.

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