Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Francis Kornicki
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Common ◽  
Made In

This chapter draws together the arguments made in the earlier chapters and addresses the question of nationalism, in particular after the Manchu conquest of China and the start of the Qing dynasty in 1644, which altered perceptions of China significantly in East Asia. The cultural pride that developed in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam led to greater interest in the vernaculars but it did not until later lead to a rejection of Sinitic, for until the early twentieth century Sinitic continued to be perceived as the common learned language of the whole of East Asia, rather that the property of China.

Making a Space for Antisemitism: The Catholic Hierarchy and the Jews in the Early Twentieth Century

2003 ◽  
pp. 415-430
Author(s):  
Brian Porter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Common ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Church

This chapter argues that as recently as the 1880s, Catholicism, as it existed in Poland at the time, was still somewhat resistant to expressions of antisemitism. Catholicism, in other words, was configured in such a way in the late nineteenth century as to make it hard for antisemites to express their views without moving to the very edges of the Catholic framework. Catholicism and antisemitism did overlap at the time, but the common ground was much more confined than it would later become. If one moves forward fifty years, to the 1930s, one sees a different picture: the discursive boundaries of Catholicism in Poland had shifted to such a degree that antisemitism became not only possible, but also difficult to avoid. The upshot of this argument is that Catholicism in Poland is not antisemitic in any sort of essential way, and that religion did not directly generate the forms of hatred that would become so deadly and virulent in the early twentieth century. None the less, Catholicism did become amenable to antisemitism in Poland, so much so that the Church in Poland between the wars was one of the country's leading sources of prejudice and animosity.

scholarly journals Martyrs made in the sky: the Zénith balloon tragedy and the construction of the French Third Republic's first scientific heroes

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-386
Author(s):  
Patrick Luiz Sullivan De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Claude Bernard ◽  
Made In

Following the balloon's invention in 1783, the French greeted the technology with enthusiasm, speculating extensively about its potential scientific and practical applications. However, the lack of progress in navigating against the winds discredited ballooning, and in the following decades it became the domain of spectacular forms of entertainment and of swindlers trying to defraud public subscriptions. All of this changed after the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War, during which balloons were used to breach the siege of Paris. This essay explores how the aeronautical community, led by the recently established Société Française de Navigation Aérienne, mobilized the memory of the war to transform the balloon into a symbol of a heroic republican science. Paramount in that process was the Zénith 's 1875 high-altitude ascent that killed two aeronauts—Joseph Crocé-Spinelli and Théodore Sivel. The tragedy reverberated beyond France's scientific community, and through popular acclaim the two aeronauts became the Third Republic's first scientific martyrs, anticipating the eventual apotheoses of figures like Claude Bernard and Louis Pasteur. The ballooning revival in the last third of the century helped strengthen the association between France and aeronautics, thus setting the stage for the country to acquire a central position in the field by the early twentieth century.

Unification and Spiritual Activism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Mark Shields
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Buddhism ◽  
Spiritual Activism

Chapter 2, "Unification and Spiritual Activism: Murakami and Manshi" begins with an analysis of an academic movement called Daijō hibusseturon大‎乗‎非‎仏‎説‎論‎, which argued for a return to early Buddhism by critiquing the Mahāyāna derivations that had come to dominate in East Asia. It then turns to the work of two scholar-priests, both associated with the Ōtani-ha (Higashi Honganji) branch of the Shin sect: Murakami Senshō and Kiyozawa Manshi. Murakami and Kiyozawa might accurately be considered late representatives of the Buddhist Enlightenment. However, this chapter argues that they establish a bridge from the work of the early Buddhist modernists and reformers to the New Buddhists of the early twentieth century. In short, these two immensely influential figures established two distinctive possibilities for the emergent Buddhist modernisms of the early twentieth century.

The Qing Imperial Academy of Medicine: Its Institutions and the Physicians Shaped by Them

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-92
Author(s):  
Che-chia Chang
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Medical Service ◽  
The State ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Medical Academy ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government ◽  
First Dynasty

This paper is intended to explain the changes in the activities of the Imperial Academy of Medicine during the Qing dynasty (1644-1911). By tracing its precedents and comparing their functions, I will explain its role during the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the seemingly hidebound institutional codes in fact reveal interesting information about the dynamics of the Academy. Through examining the impacts of the regulations on personnel and their careers, we are able to explain the very different requirements of the Qing rulers for their medical service. Up until the Ming period (1368-1644) there was an institutional boundary between medical services for the palace and those for the state, even though they shared the same personnel. The Qing was the first dynasty in which even this unclear line disappeared. In this sense, the Qing Academy did not simply copy the tradition of its predecessors. Instead, the services for the emperor’s individual needs became more and more central to its mission. Thus, the common people’s rather critical perceptions of the bureau were largely true. In spite of its increased emphasis on serving the imperial household, the Qing Academy retained its connections with the government. As an alien regime, the Manchu court’s concern for the security of its rulers was much higher than during the previous dynasty. To meet the needs of the new regime, the device of the Qing Academy emphasized fostering elites rather than selecting them. Now the Academy not only provided medical education to the junior members as in earlier periods, but also shaped them in behavior. This affected both the organization of the Imperial Medical Academy, and the strategies of the physicians employed in it.

scholarly journals Shiing-Shen Chern. 26 October 1911 — 3 December 2004

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
Nigel J. Hitchin
Keyword(s):  
Differential Geometry ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
International Congress ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mathematical Sciences ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Research Institute

Shiing-Shen Chern was a towering figure in mathematics, both for his contributions to differential geometry and as a source of inspiration and encouragement for all mathematicians, and particularly those in China. Born in the final year of the Qing dynasty, and educated at a time when China was only beginning to set up Western-style universities, he lived to preside over the 2002 International Congress of Mathematicians in Beijing. He was a co-founder of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley and its first Director in 1981; he also set up the Nankai Institute for Mathematics in 1985. His contributions to differential geometry were of foundational importance for the global viewpoint that developed in the postwar years, and the mathematical tools he introduced are now the common currency in geometry, topology and even aspects of theoretical physics.

scholarly journals NATIONALISM IN VIETNAM AND KOREAN LITERATURE IN THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES: CASES OF PHAN BOI CHAU AND SHIN CHAE-HO

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Tung Ngoc ◽  
Nguyen Le Thu
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Korean Literature ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
History Of Literature

East Asian literature in the early twentieth century witnessed the emergence of many great authors who gathered all personality of a patriot - writer - historian - revolutionary activist. They emphasized literature does not serve artistic purposes, but social purposes, which touch the heart. Literature at this time conveyed the stream of national consciousness, nationalism, independence and freedom to all of the people and promoted their patriotism and the spirit of fighting for the nation and the people. This paper focuses on analyzing the nationalist ideology in the works of Phan Boi Chau and Shin Chae-ho in the history of literature of Vietnam and Korea in the early twentieth century. Thereby, the research provides an overview of the common characteristics of the nationalist literature in East Asia. In the research content, this paper recognizes the nationalist ideology of Korean and Vietnamese intellectuals in the transformation of the historical, political and social situation in the early twentieth century. On that basis, this paper identifies the characteristics of nationalism in Shin Chae-ho’s and Phan Boi Chau's works.

Entrepreneurship in the textbook business in modern East Asia: Kinkōdō of Meiji Japan and the Commercial Press of early twentieth-century China

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-569
Author(s):  
Billy K.L. So ◽  
Sufumi So
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Global Business ◽  
Meiji Japan ◽  
Western Model ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Textbook Publishing ◽  
Commercial Press ◽  
Publishing Business

AbstractThis article compares the ways in which two major textbook publishers in East Asia – namely Kinkōdō in Meiji Japan and the Commercial Press in early twentieth-century China – practised the Western model of corporations to build a new kind of publishing business in their respective societies, which were undergoing significant transformation. The study suggests that, although the use of the model could imply global business convergence, its transplantation process was largely shaped by entrepreneurs who negotiated the Western model as an alternative newly opened to them and brought to light variant forms of practice tailored to serve their own aspirations in corporate directions such as industrial integration and ownership structure. The two cases present two distinct patterns of developing a new textbook publishing business under the same corporation model.

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