scholarly journals Drosophila gene tao-1 encodes proteins with and without a Ste20 kinase domain that affect cytoskeletal architecture and cell migration differently

Open Biology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 140161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Pflanz ◽  
Aaron Voigt ◽  
Toma Yakulov ◽  
Herbert Jäckle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Hippo Pathway ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Kinase Domain ◽  
Gut Epithelium ◽  
Pole Cell

Tao-1, the single representative of the Sterile 20 kinase subfamily in Drosophila , is best known for destabilizing microtubules at the actin-rich cortex, regulating the cytoskeletal architecture of cells. More recently, Tao-1 was shown to act in the Salvador–Warts–Hippo pathway by phosphorylating Hippo, regulating cell growth as well as cell polarity. Here, we show that tao-1 encodes two proteins, one with the Sterile 20 kinase domain (Tao-L) and one without it (Tao-S), and that they act in an antagonistic manner. Tao-L expression causes lamellipodia-like cell protrusions, whereas Tao-S expression results in filopodia-like structures that make cells stick to the surface they attach to. Ectopic Tao-1 expression in the anterior region of Drosophila embryos results in pole cell formation as normally observed at the posterior end. Tao-S expression causes primordial germ cells (PGCs) to adhere to the inner wall of the gut primordia and prevents proper transepithelial migration to the gonads. Conversely, RNAi knockdowns of Tao-1 cause disordered migration of PGCs out of the gut epithelium, their dispersal within the embryo and cell death. The results reveal a novel function of Tao-1 in cell migration, which is based on antagonistic activities of two proteins encoded by a single gene.

Functional requirement of gp130-mediated signaling for growth and survival of mouse primordial germ cells in vitro and derivation of embryonic germ (EG) cells

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 1235-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Koshimizu ◽  
T. Taga ◽  
M. Watanabe ◽  
M. Saito ◽  
Y. Shirayoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Oncostatin M ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Binding Subunit

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a cytokine known to influence proliferation and/or survival of mouse primordial germ cells (PGC) in culture. The receptor complex for LIF comprises LIF-binding subunit and non-binding signal transducer, gp130. The gp130 was originally identified as a signal-transducing subunit of interleukin (IL)-6 and later also found to be a functional component of receptor complexes for other LIF-related cytokines (oncostatin M [OSM], ciliary neurotrophic factor [CNTF] and IL-11). In this study, we have analyzed the functional role of gp130-mediated signaling in PGC growth in vitro. OSM was able to fully substitute for LIF; both cytokines promoted the proliferation of migratory PGC (mPGC) and enhanced the viability of postmigratory (colonizing) PGC (cPGC) when cultured on SI/SI4-m220 cells. Interestingly, IL-11 stimulated mPGC growth comparable to LIF and OSM, but did not affect cPGC survival. IL-6 and CNTF did not affect PGC. In addition, a combination of IL-6 and soluble IL-6 binding subunit (sIL-6R), which is known to activate intracellular signaling via gp130, fully reproduced the LIF action of PGC. Both in the presence and absence of LIF, addition of neutralizing antibody against gp130 in culture remarkably blocked cPGC survival. These results suggest a pivotal role of gp130 in PGC development, especially that it is indispensable for cPGC survival as comparable to the c-KIT-mediated action. We have further demonstrated that a combination of LIF with forskolin or retinoic acid, a potent mitogen for PGC, supported the proliferation of PGC, leading to propagation of the embryonic stem cell-like cells, termed embryonic germ (EG) cells. Since EG cells were also obtained by using OSM or the IL-6/sIL-6R complex in place of LIF, a significant contribution of gp130-mediated signaling in EG cell formation was further suggested.

Effects of 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB52) on migration of chicken primordial germ cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yixiang Zhang ◽  
Xiumei Jin ◽  
Haitang Han ◽  
Zandong Li
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cell ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Germ Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Migration And Proliferation ◽  
Migration And Development

Polychlorinated biphenyls cause developmental and physiological anomalies in the reproductive system. This study investigated the effects of 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB52), which can produce oestrogenic effects on the homeostasis of chicken primordial germ cells from the initial stage until completion of their settlement in the gonadal primordium. The blastoderm of chicken embryos was injected with 1 μL PCB52 (10 µmol/L) and oestradiol (100 µmol/L) before incubation, and the number of primordial germ cells was determined during their migration and development. The number of primordial germ cells in germinal crescents in PCB52-treated groups was slightly decreased (P = 0.068), but it was reduced significantly at stages 13–15 and 28–30 (P < 0.01, respectively) compared with controls. No obvious effects on primordial germ cell migration were observed with oestradiol treatments. The present results suggest that the influence of PCB52 on chicken primordial germ cell migration and proliferation may be via its toxic effect, not its oestrogen-mimicking effect, and provide information on the sensitivity of primordial germ cells to the direct action of PCB52.

Mouse primordial germ cells lacking beta1 integrins enter the germline but fail to migrate normally to the gonads

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (8) ◽  
pp. 1655-1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Anderson ◽  
R. Fassler ◽  
E. Georges-Labouesse ◽  
R.O. Hynes ◽  
B.L. Bader ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cell ◽  
Integrin Subunit ◽  
Integrin Beta1 ◽  
Germ Cell Migration

Primordial germ cells are the founder cells of the gametes. They are set aside at the initial stages of gastrulation in mammals, become embedded in the hind-gut endoderm, then actively migrate to the sites of gonad formation. The molecular basis of this migration is poorly understood. Here we sought to determine if members of the integrin family of cell surface receptors are required for primordial germ cell migration, as integrins have been implicated in the migration of several other motile cell types. We have established a line of mice which express green fluorescent protein in germline cells that has enabled us to efficiently purify primordial germ cells at different stages by flow cytometry. We have catalogued the spectrum of integrin subunit expression by primordial germ cells during and after migration, using flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. Through analysis of integrin beta1(−/−)--&gt;wild-type chimeras, we show that embryonic cells lacking beta1 integrins can enter the germline. However, integrin beta1(−/−) primordial germ cells do not colonize the gonad efficiently. Embryos with targeted deletion of integrin subunit alpha3, alpha6, or alphaV show no major defects in primordial germ cell migration. These results demonstrate a role for beta1-containing integrins in the development of the germline, although an equivalent role for * integrin subunit(s) has yet to be established.

scholarly journals Delay in primordial germ cell migration in adamts9 knockout zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan J. Carver ◽  
Yuanfa He ◽  
Yong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cell ◽  
Ring Stage ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Germ Cell Migration ◽  
A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase

AbstractAdamts9 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 9) is one of a few metalloproteinases structurally conserved from C. elegans to humans and is indispensable in germ cell migration in invertebrates. However, adamts9′s roles in germ cell migration in vertebrates has not been examined. In the present study, we found zygotic expression of adamts9 started around the germ ring stage and reached peak levels at 3 days post fertilization (dpf) in zebrafish. The migration of primordial germ cells (PGC) was completed within 24 hours (h) in wildtype siblings, while a delay in PGC migration was found at 15 and 24-h post-fertilization (hpf) in the Adamts9 knockout (KO). However, the delayed PGC migration in Adamts9 KO disappeared at 48 hpf. Our study suggests a conserved function of Adamts9 in germ cell migration among invertebrates and vertebrates. In addition, our results also suggest that Adamts9 is not essential for germ cell migration as reported in C. elegans, possibly due to expansion of Adamts family members and compensatory roles from other metalloproteinases in vertebrates. Further studies are required in order to elucidate the functions and mechanisms of metalloproteinases in germ cell migration and gonad formation in vertebrates.

Distinct roles of retinoic acid and BMP4 pathways in the formation of chicken primordial germ cells and spermatogonial stem cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 7152-7163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qisheng Zuo ◽  
Jing Jin ◽  
Kai Jin ◽  
Changhua Sun ◽  
Jiuzhou Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Germ Cell Formation

This study demonstrated different effects of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and retinoic acid (RA) signaling on the induction of germ cell formation in chickens.

scholarly journals Experimental Studies on Pole Cells and Midgut Differentiation in Diptera

1960 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Poulson ◽  
DF Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Polar Region ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
Pole Cell ◽  
Gonad Size ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pole Cells

Highly localized irradiation with ultraviolet of the posterior polar region of eggs of Drosophila melanogaster and Lucilia cuprina in pre.pole cell and pole cell stages results in reduction in numbers of the cuprophilic cells of the middle midgut as well as in reduction of gonad size and number. Carefully timed eggs were exposed to dosages of ultraviolet (from a source giving about 90 per cent. at wavelength 2536 A) ranging from 1200 to 2400 I-' W sec/cm2 over periods of 2-4 min. Treatments at the time of active pole cell formation were found to be most effective in producing defects of both gut and gonads, thus demon� strating the common origin of the cuprophilic cells of the middle midgut and the germ cells of the gonads.

Effects of the substratum on the migration of primordial germ cells

1982 ◽  
Vol 299 (1095) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Artificial Substrates ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Migratory Cells

It is now clear from work on defined cell types on artificial substrates that various chemical and physical inhomogeneities in the substrates can guide cell locomotion. It is also becoming clear that less well defined inhomogeneities in living cell substrates can guide the normal locomotion of embryonic migratory cells in vivo. The primordial germ cells (p.g.cs) of early anuran amphibian embryos are proving a useful model for the study of cell migration. When isolated from the embryo and cultured on living cellular substrate, p.g.cs become oriented by the shapes of the underlying cells or by their stress fibre cytoskeleton, or both. A combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy in vivo shows a clearly aligned cellular substrate for p.g.c. migration along part of their route. Furthermore, we find that the glycoprotein fibronectin is involved in p.g.c. adhesion, which suggests a link between orientation of the substrate cells and p.g.c. guidance.

Hexachlorobenzene toxicity in the rat ovary: II. Ultrastructure induced by medium (10 mg/kg) dose exposure

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 668-669
Author(s):  
Amreek Singh ◽  
Warren G. Foster ◽  
Anna Dykeman ◽  
David C. Villeneuve
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Morphological Parameters ◽  
Comprehensive Investigation ◽  
Ovary Surface Epithelium ◽  
Rat Ovary ◽  
High Doses

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a known toxicant that is found in the environment as a by-product during manufacture of certain pesticides. This chlorinated chemical has been isolated from many tissues including ovary. When administered in high doses, HCB causes degeneration of primordial germ cells and ovary surface epithelium in sub-human primates. A purpose of this experiment was to determine a no-effect dose of the chemical on the rat ovary. The study is part of a comprehensive investigation on the effects of the compound on the biochemical, hematological, and morphological parameters in the monkey and rat.

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