scholarly journals Chromatic transitions in the emergence of syntax networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 181286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernat Corominas-Murtra ◽  
Martí Sànchez Fibla ◽  
Sergi Valverde ◽  
Ricard Solé
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
General Level ◽  
Network Growth ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Scale Free Graphs ◽  
Syntactic Relations

The emergence of syntax during childhood is a remarkable example of how complex correlations unfold in nonlinear ways through development. In particular, rapid transitions seem to occur as children reach the age of two, which seems to separate a two-word, tree-like network of syntactic relations among words from the scale-free graphs associated with the adult, complex grammar. Here, we explore the evolution of syntax networks through language acquisition using thechromatic number, which captures the transition and provides a natural link to standard theories on syntactic structures. The data analysis is compared to a null model of network growth dynamics which is shown to display non-trivial and sensible differences. At a more general level, we observe that the chromatic classes define independent regions of the graph, and thus, can be interpreted as the footprints of incompatibility relations, somewhat as opposed to modularity considerations.

scholarly journals An Efficient Method of Generating Deterministic Small-World and Scale-Free Graphs for Simulating Real-World Networks

IEEE Access ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 59833-59842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenchao Jiang ◽  
Yinhu Zhai ◽  
Zhigang Zhuang ◽  
Paul Martin ◽  
Zhiming Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Efficient Method ◽  
Real World ◽  
Small World ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Scale Free Graphs

scholarly journals Poly-predicative conditional constructions in Catalan (in comparaison with Spanish and French)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-136
Author(s):  
T. V. Repnina
Keyword(s):  
Romance Languages ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
First Time

By poly-predicative conditional constructions we mean complex sentences that contain at least three simple sentences, each representing either a condition or a consequence. Poly-predicative sentences can in addition contain other simple sentences that represent neither condition, nor consequence. Poly-predicative constructions that, apart from one condition and one consequence, also include other simple sentences, are not classified here as poly-predicative conditional constructions. While poly-predicative constructions in general have already been in the focus of researches attention, this article seems to address them on Catalan material for the first time. The purpose of this article is an analysis of syntactic relations in poly-predicative conditional constructions. Its objectives include their comparison in Catalan, Spanish, and French, identification of the main types of these constructions, and an analysis of their characteristics. Since the use of tenses and moods in the constructions addressed coincides with that in prototypical bi-predicative conditional constructions, we do not examine it here. The methods, used in this study, included: sampling during corpus collection, classification, description, comparison, transformational analysis and synthesis. The study is based on Catalan texts and their translations into Spanish and French. The findings of the study include: 1) Poly-predicative conditional constructions with several condition and/or consequence clauses are possible. Condition and consequence clauses can occupy different positions in poly-predicative conditional constructions; 2) In contrast to Catalan and Spanish, French admits the replacement of the conditional conjunction si by que; 3) Prototypical conditional and poly-predicative constructions are invariably characterized by subordination relations, with coordination parataxis possible as well. In addition, more complex syntactic structures are possible like, e. g., parallel co-coordination; 4) A prototypical conditional construction being a complex sentence, this limits possible syntactic types of poly-predicative conditional constructions. They cannot be structured as a string of simple sentences connected by coordination or subordination. Consecutive subordination of three or more subordinate sentences is not characteristic of conditional constructions; 5) The study identified a similarity between poly-predicative conditional constructions in Catalan, Spanish, and French. The present research is a contribution into the syntax of Romance languages.

scholarly journals Studies on the Decrease Mechanisms of Typical Complex Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhu Qiu ◽  
Tianyang Lyu ◽  
Xizhe Zhang ◽  
Ruozhou Wang
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Shortest Paths ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Small World ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Network Growth ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Complex Network Models ◽  
High Degree

Network decrease caused by the removal of nodes is an important evolution process that is paralleled with network growth. However, many complex network models usually lacked a sound decrease mechanism. Thus, they failed to capture how to cope with decreases in real life. The paper proposed decrease mechanisms for three typical types of networks, including the ER networks, the WS small-world networks and the BA scale-free networks. The proposed mechanisms maintained their key features in continuous and independent decrease processes, such as the random connections of ER networks, the long-range connections based on nearest-coupled network of WS networks and the tendency connections and the scale-free feature of BA networks. Experimental results showed that these mechanisms also maintained other topology characteristics including the degree distribution, clustering coefficient, average length of shortest-paths and diameter during decreases. Our studies also showed that it was quite difficult to find an efficient decrease mechanism for BA networks to withstand the continuous attacks at the high-degree nodes, because of the unequal status of nodes.

scholarly journals Anthropization and Growth of the Electricity Grid as Variables for the Analysis of Urban Infrastructure

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1486
Author(s):  
Manuel Ayala ◽  
Diego Huaraca ◽  
José Varela-Aldás ◽  
Andrea Ordóñez ◽  
Genís Riba
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Power Network ◽  
Network Growth ◽  
Sustainable Infrastructure ◽  
City Growth ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Linear Least Squares Problem

City growth goes together with the development of infrastructure, and the power network is one of the most relevant towards economic development. The study of urban infrastructure through the analysis of anthropization coupled with power network growth can produce a tool that supports sustainable infrastructure planning, both economic and environmental. The case study focuses on Ambato, Ecuador, in the period from 1950 to 2019, and assesses quantitatively the changes in the city layout and the evolution of its power network. The data are adjusted to a sigmoid-type objective function through a non-linear least squares problem, that is solved using the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) method. Anthropization data show how the urban area grew during the study period: 37% (1950–1960), 53% (1960–1970), 80% (1970–1980), 35% (1980–1990), 39% (1990–2000), 38% (2000–2010), and 11% (2010–2019), mostly at the expense of agricultural land. The forecast for new power network users by 2050 yields a result of 203,630 total users with a population density of 4850 people/km2. The conclusion is that this type of analysis can help city planners and decision makers further understand city and infrastructure growth dynamics and produce policies that bolster sustainable city growth.

scholarly journals Condition numbers and scale free graphs

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Acosta ◽  
M. Graña ◽  
J. P. Pinasco
Keyword(s):  
Condition Numbers ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Scale Free Graphs

scholarly journals Scale-Free Network Growth by Ranking

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santo Fortunato ◽  
Alessandro Flammini ◽  
Filippo Menczer
Keyword(s):  
Scale Free Network ◽  
Network Growth ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Free Network

Can research into the diagnostic testing of reading in a second or foreign language contribute to SLA research?

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 30-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.Charles Alderson ◽  
Ari Huhta
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Language Testing ◽  
General Level ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Potential Synergy

Language testing researchers have recently shown interest in diagnostic testing. However, diagnostic testing requires a better understanding of language abilities at a less general level than has been normal in language testing, and this has posed challenges to testers to define their diagnostic constructs both theoretically and operationally. In theory, second language acquisition (SLA) should be able to offer insights into the construct of reading in a second or foreign language (S/FL), and testing ought to be able to base diagnostic tests of S/FL reading on theoretical insights from SLA. It is, however, unclear whether this happens in practice. In this paper we examine the potential synergy between second language acquisition and second and foreign language testing, and we report on progress in three inter-related research projects into S/FL reading.

Discourse and the acquisition of grammatical morphemes

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Jeffrey Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Grammatical Morphemes ◽  
Maternal Discourse

ABSTRACTAdult recasts of child utterances have been shown to be related in a general way to the child's acquisition of syntactic structures. The current study had two aims. The first aim was to determine which feature(s) of recasts (i.e. reformulation, expansion, topic continuation, or reply) was responsible for facilitating language acquisition by comparing them to other maternal discourse models that were systematically defined by these properties. The second aim was to investigate this relation more specifically by relating adult discourse models of specific grammatical morphemes to the child's acquisition of those same morphemes. Again, recasts were of particular interest. Twelve mother-child dyads were videorecorded during one hour of naturalistic interaction when the children were 1;10 and 2;4. Results indicated that maternal recasts of specific morphemes were related to the acquisition of those same grammatical morphemes during certain developmental periods, whereas other grammatical morphemes were facilitated by expansions and topic continuations. These results are discussed in terms of the processes responsible for these effects.

The role of the second language in third language acquisition: the case of Germanic syntax

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Bardel ◽  
Ylva Falk
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Third Language ◽  
Third Language Acquisition ◽  
L3 Acquisition

In this study of the placement of sentence negation in third language acquisition (L3), we argue that there is a qualitative difference between the acquisition of a true second language (L2) and the subsequent acquisition of an L3. Although there is considerable evidence for L2 influence on vocabulary acquisition in L3, not all researchers believe that such influence generalizes to morphosyntactic aspects of the grammar. For example, Håkansson et al. (2002) introduce the Developmentally Moderated Transfer Hypothesis (DMTH), which incorporates transfer in Processability Theory (PT). They argue against syntactic transfer from L2 to L3. The present study presents counter-evidence to this hypothesis from two groups of learners with different L1s and L2s acquiring Swedish or Dutch as L3. The evidence clearly indicates that syntactic structures are more easily transferred from L2 than from L1 in the initial state of L3 acquisition. The two groups behave significantly differently as to the placement of negation, a difference that can be attributed to the L2 knowledge of the learners in interaction with the typological relationship between the L2 and the L3.

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